Browse Exile Cases

This browse area lists all exile cases in the database by the name of the exiled individual or group in alphabetical order. Results will display as a list of exile cases each one of which you can then explore further. You will also be able to refine the list further and display statistical information through using the facets on the left hand side.

Showing 1 to 100 of 166

Person/Group Name	Exile Date	Sent From	Went To	Returned	Previous Office	Relationships	Sources
View Case	from: 512 to: 518	Antiochia/Theoupolis [Antakya]	Petra [Petra]	no	bishop	Anastasius	Marcellinus Comes, chronica 512 (MGH Auct. ant. 11:98)
11 bishops of Egypt View Case	from: 373 to: --	Egypt [Egypt]	Sepphoris/Diocaesarea [n/a]	unknown	bishop	Vindaonius Magnus Melania the Elder	Theodoret, historia ecclesiastica 4.22.35 (SC 530:288) Palladius, Historia Lausiaca 46.2
19 presbyters and deacons from Alexandria View Case	from: 373 to: --	Alexandria [Alexandria]	Heliopolis [Baalbek]	unknown	presbyter	Population of Alexandria Vindaonius Magnus	Theodoret, historia ecclesiastica 4.22.22 (SC 530:282).
'>60 bishops' View Case	from: 506 to: --	North Africa [North Africa]	Caralis [Cagliari]	unknown	bishop		Vita Fulgentii, 13, 17, 18
Adelphius of Onouphis View Case	from: 358 to: --	Onouphis [Maḥallat Minūf]	Psinabla [Shandaweil]	unknown	bishop	Sebastianus Melania the Elder Paphnutius Pambo Ammonius Parotes 11 bishops of Egypt George of Cappadocia	Athanasius, historia Arianorum 72 (PG 25:780); Athanasius, de fuga 7 (PG 25:653); Theodoret, historia ecclesiastica 2.14 (SC 501:394) Palladius, Historia Lausiaca 46.2
Aetius of Antioch View Case	from: 358 to: 362	Alexandria [Alexandria]	Pepouza [unknown]	yes	deacon	Basilius of Ancyra Constantius II Acacius of Caesarea Eunomius of Cyzikus People of Amblada	Philostorgius, historia ecclesiastica 4.8, 11-12; 5.1-2; 6.7 (GCS) Theodoret, historia ecclesiastica 2.23 (PG 1038-9)
African clergy View Case	from: 439 to: --	Carthago [Carthage]	Neapolis [Naples]	unknown	unknown	Geiseric Quodvultdeus of Carthage	Victor of Vita, historia persecutionis Africanae provinciae 1.15 (MGH auct. ant. 3.1:5)
African clerics (4,966) View Case	from: 480 to: --		desert in North Africa (unlocated) [North Africa]	unknown	other	Huneric	Victor of Vita Historia Persecutionis 2.26-37
Alexander Acoemetes View Case	from: 420 to: --	Antiochia/Theoupolis [Antakya]	Chalcis ad Belum [Qinnasrin]	unknown	abbot	magister militum in Antioch Theodotus of Antioch brethrens of Alexander Acoemetes municipal guards	Vita Alexandri Acoemeti 41-2 (PO 6:690-91)
Amidan monks View Case	from: 521 to: 530	Amida [Diyarbakır]		yes	other	Ioannes of Ephesus crowds from distant lands Iustinus Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus	Ioannes of Ephesus, Vitae Sanctorum Orientalium 35 (PO 18:607-23)
Ammonius Parotes View Case	from: 358 to: --	Egypt or Lybia [Egypt or Lybia]	unknown [unknown]	unknown	bishop	Sebastianus Melania the Elder 11 bishops of Egypt	Athanasius, historia Arianorum 72 (PG 25:780); Athanasius, de fuga 7 (PG 25:653); Theodoret, historia ecclesiastica 2.14 (SC 501:394) Palladius, Historia Lausiaca 46.2
Anastasius of Antioch View Case	from: 570 to: 593	Antiochia/Theoupolis [Antakya]		yes	bishop	Iustinus II Gregorius of Antioch Gregorius Magnus Flavius Mauricius Tiberius Theodosius (son of Maurice)	Theophanes, AM 6062, 6087 (de Boor, 243, 272) Gregorius Magnus, epistula 1.7, 25, 26, 28; 5.39; 7,27, 33; 8.2 (CCSL 140)
Andreas View Case	from: 571 to: 577	City wall of Constantinople [Theodosian wall]	Monastery of Acoemetae [n/a]	yes	presbyter	Ioannes of Constantinople (sixth c.) Iustinus II Band of clergy and Romans Crowd in Constantinople	Ioannes of Ephesus, historia ecclesiastica 2.14
Andreas (cubicularius) (PLRE 2, Andreas 8, 76-7) View Case	from: 571 to: 577	Imperial palace of Constantinople [Palace of Constantinople]	Monastery in the palace of Hormisdas [Boukoleon Palace]	yes	n/a	Iustinus II Aelia Sophia curator in Constantinople Crowd in Constantinople monks in Constantinople Probinus	Ioannes of Ephesus, historia ecclesiastica 2.9 and 38 Michael Syrus 10.7
anonymous exile in Mauretania View Case	from: 439 to: --		Cartenna [Ténès]	n/a	unknown		AE 1967, 00651 = AE 2007, +00127 exili{l}u(!) probatam
Antiochus (PLRE 2, Antiochus 5, 101-2) View Case	from: 421 to: --	Constantinopolis [Istanbul]	Constantinopolis [Istanbul]	unknown	n/a	Theodosius II	Malalas 14.15 (Dindorf, 361); Zonaras 13.22.16 (Dindorf, vol. 3:237)
Antipatra (PLRE 3a, Antipatra, 91) View Case	from: 571 to: 571	Constantinopolis [Istanbul]	Chalcedon [Kadiköy]	yes	n/a	Iustinus II	Ioannes of Ephesus, historia ecclesiastica 2.12 Michael Syrus 10.7
Apion (PLRE 2, Apion 2, 112) View Case	from: 510 to: 518	Constantinopolis [Istanbul]	Nicaea [Iznik]	yes	n/a	Anastasius Iustinus Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus Severus of Antioch	Theodorus (Anagnostes) Lector 482 (GCS n.F. 3:137); Marcellinus comes, chronica 510 (MGH auct ant. 11:97); Theophanes, AM 6011 (De Boor, 165); John Lydus, de magistratibus 3.17; Malalas, chronica 411; Chronicon Paschale, s.a. 519
Arius View Case	from: 319 to: --	Alexandria [Alexandria]		n/a	presbyter	Alexander of Alexandria Eusebius of Nicomedia	Theodoret, historia ecclesiastica 1.4 (NPNF)
Asclepas of Gaza View Case	from: 337 to: 344	Gaza [Gaza]		yes	bishop	Eusebius Pamphilus Marcellus of Ancyra Lucius of Adrianopolis Iulius of Rome	Socrates, historia ecclesiastica 2.15 Sozomenus, historia ecclesiastica 3.8 Athanasius, historia Arianorum 5.2 Athanasius, de fuga 3.3
Assembly of clerics in Armenia View Case	from: 536 to: --	Armenia [Armenia]	Claudias [unknown]	unknown	other	Brother of Ephraim of Amida Judge in Armenia	Ioannes of Ephesus, Vita sanctorum orientalium 21 (PO 82:287-92)
Associates of Rusticus and Felix View Case	from: 553 to: --		Antinoopolis [El Sheikh Ibada]	unknown	other		Victor of Tunnuna, chronica 553.1 (MGH auct. ant. 11:203) Rusticus, contra Acephalos disputatio pr. (PL 67:1170B)
Astericius View Case	from: 362 to: --	Alexandria [Alexandria]	Andropolis [Khirbita]	unknown	presbyter	Ecdicius Olympus Pythiodorus	Historia acephala 3.6 (ed. Martin, Albert – SC)
Athanasius View Case	from: 335 to: 337	Tyrus [Tyre]	Col. Augusta Treverorum [Trier]	yes	bishop	Alexander Severianus Flavius Valerius Constantinus Constantius II Flavius Iulius Constans	Athanasius, apologia secunda 9.1-5, 71ff. Athanasius, epistula festalis 10
Athanasius View Case	from: 339 to: 346	Alexandria [Alexandria]		yes	bishop	Gregorius of Cappadocia Constantius II Flavius Iulius Constans Fortunatianus of Aquileia Osius of Cordoba Lucillus of Verona Dionysius of Elis Vicentius of Capua Flavius Eugenius Maximinus of Trier bishops in Egypt, Lybia and Alexandria Eutropia Abutherius Sperantius Ammonius Isidorus (presbyter) Asclepas of Gaza Marcellus of Ancyra Lucius of Adrianopolis Iulius of Rome Marcella servant woman Vitus Ammonius	TRE, s.v. Athanasius Athanasius, apologia ad Constantium Athanasius, apologia secunda Athanasius, indices epistularum festialium 17 (SC) Socrates, Historia ecclesiastica, 4.23
Athanasius View Case	from: 357 to: 362	Alexandria [Alexandria]	Aegyptus [Egypt]	yes	bishop	George of Cappadocia Monks in Egypt Constantius II Servatius of Tongern Clementius Valens Flavius Felicissimus Rufinus Stephanus Asterius Palladius Antiochus Euagrius Gerontius Pythiodorus Eudaimonis	Gregorius of Nazianzus, oratio 21.20 Athanasius, apologia ad Constantium 29.3 Athanasius, historia Arianorum 53ff. Ammianus Marcellinus 22.5.3 Historia Acephala 4.1-4 Palladius, historia Lausiaca 63 Festal Index 28, 30, 32 (SC 317: 257-61) Sozomenus, historia ecclesiastica 5.6
Athanasius View Case	from: 365 to: 366	Alexandria [Alexandria]		yes	bishop	Flavius Valens notarius in Alexandria Flavianus	Historia Athanasii 16-17 Socrates, historia ecclesiastica 4.13 Sozomenus, historia ecclesiastica 6.12
Barsauma View Case	from: 451 to: --	Edessa [Şanlıurfa]	Nisibis [Nusaybin]	no	unknown		S. Gerö, Barsauma of Nisibis and Persian Christianity in the Fifth Century (CSCO 426 Subs. 63), Louvain 1981, 60–72
Barses of Edessa View Case	from: 373 to: --	Edessa [Şanlıurfa]	Arados [Arwad]	unknown	bishop	Flavius Valens Basilius of Caesarea	Theodoret, historia ecclesiastica 4.16 (SC 530: 240-2) Basilius of Caesarea, epistula 264 Michael Syrus 7.8 (Chabot 1:309)
Bonifatius of Rome (PCBE 2, Bonifatius 3, 318-19) View Case	from: 419 to: 419	Roma [Rome]		yes	bishop	Flavius Honorius Eulalius	collectio Avellana 16, 18 (CSEL 35.1:61-5) https://archive.org/stream/epistulaeimperat01gnth#page/60/mode/2up Liber Pontificalis 44 (Duchesne I:89-92) https://archive.org/stream/bookofpopesliber00loom#page/88/mode/2up
Caelestius View Case	from: 418 to: --	Roma [Rome]		no	other	Flavius Honorius Theodosius II Pelagius	Codex canonum (PL 56:490-93) https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=R19EImjpsB0C&pg=PT229#v=onepage&q&f=false
Caesarius of Arles (PCBE 4, Caesarius 1, 386-410) View Case	from: 505 to: 505	Col. Arelate [Arles]	Burdigala [Bourdeaux]	yes	bishop	Alaricus II Licinianus	Vita Caesarii 1.21 Caesarius, epistula 4
Clerics at Antioch View Case	from: 373 to: --	Antiochia/Theoupolis [Antakya]	Neocaesarea [Niksar]	no	unknown	Monks at Antioch Flavius Valens	Theodoret, historia ecclesiastica 4.22.36 (SC 530:290)
Columbanus (PCBE 4, Columbanus 1, 497-508) View Case	Unknown	Augustodunum [Autun]	Aballo [Avallon]	n/a	abbot	Brunhilda Theuderic II	John of Bobbio, Vita Columbani, 22; Fredegar, Chronicon - The Fourth Book of the Chronicle of Fredegar: with its Continuations, ed. J.M. Wallace-Hadrill (London: 1960), 4.36; Columbanus, Epistle 4.
Conon of Tarsus View Case	from: 571 to: 571	Constantinopolis [Istanbul]	Nova Laura of St Sabas [n/a]	yes	bishop	Ioannes of Constantinople (sixth c.) Photius Iustinus II	Ioannes of Ephesus, historia ecclesiastica 1.31
Cyprianus of Thuburbo Maius (PCBE 1, Cyprianus 3-4, 257-8) View Case	from: 435 to: 443	Thuburbo Maius [Henchir-Kasbat]	Ancyra [Ankara]	unknown	bishop	Theodoretus of Cyrrhus Eusebius of Ancyra Ibas of Edessa Sophronius of Constantia / Tella	Theodoret, epistula 52, 53; Gesta collationis Carthaginiensis I, 135
Cyriacus of Emesa View Case	from: 404 to: --	Emesa [Homs]	Palmyra [Tadmur]	unknown	bishop	Flavius Arcadius Flavius Arcadius	Palladius, Vita Joannis Chrysostomi 20 (SC 341:396-402)
Cyrillus of Jerusalem View Case	from: 357 to: 359	Ierusalem [Jerusalem]	Tarsus [Tarsus]	yes	bishop	Acacius of Caesarea Silvanus of Tarsus congregation of Tarsus Basilius of Caesarea Eustathius of Sebaste Constantius II	Theodoret, historia ecclesiastica 2.22 Socrates, historia ecclesiastica 2.40 Sozomenus, historia ecclesiastica 4.22 Michael Syrus 7.8 (Chabot 1:309)
Cyrillus of Jerusalem View Case	from: 360 to: 361	Ierusalem [Jerusalem]		yes	bishop	Constantius II Acacius of Caesarea Flavius Claudius Iulianus	Theodoret, historia ecclesiastica 2.22-3 Socrates, historia ecclesiastica 2.42, 3.1 Sozomenus, historia ecclesiastica 4.25, 5.4
Demophilus of Constantinople View Case	from: 380 to: --	Constantinopolis [Istanbul]	Beroe [Stara Zagora]	n/a	bishop	Flavius Theodosius Lucius of Alexandria	Philostorgius, historia ecclesiastica 9.19 Socrates, historia ecclesiastica 5.10 Sozomenus, historia ecclesiastica 7.5, 7.12 (NPNF)
Dioscorus (presbyter) View Case	from: 358 to: --	Egypt or Lybia [Egypt or Lybia]	Syene [Aswan]	unknown	presbyter	Sebastianus Hierax	Athanasius, historia Arianorum 72 (PG 25:780); Athanasius, de fuga 7 (PG 25:653); Theodoret, historia ecclesiastica 2.14 (SC 501:394)
Dioscorus of Alexandria View Case	from: 451 to: 454	Constantinopolis [Istanbul]	Gangra [Çankırı]	no	bishop	Proterius of Alexandria some people in Alexandria Marcianus (emperor) Iuvenalius of Jerusalem Aelia Eudocia Flavius Basiliscus Timotheus Aelurus of Alexandria Bishop of Gangra Panopropius of Seleucia Paphnutius (abbot) Crowd of the clergy and many monks Petrus Mongus Theopistus (deacon)	Priscus frg. 28 Evagrius, historia ecclesiastica 2.5 (SC 542:256) Victor of Tunnuna, chronica 453 (MGH AA 11.2: 185) Liberatus, Breviarium 14 (ACO 2.5: 123) Theophanes AM 5944-5 (De Boor: 105-108) Zacharias, historia ecclesiastica 3.2 (CSCO 83:154-5, 87:106).
Donatianus presbyter (PCBE 1, Donatianus 1, 283) View Case	from: 446 to: --		Madauros [M'daourouch]	no	presbyter		ILAlg-01, 02759 = ILCV 01601a = AE 1916, 00082 = AE 2007, +00127 Donatianus pr(e)sb(yter) / in exilio pro fide ca/t(h)olica hic aput col(oniam) Mad(auros) / relegatus recessit die / Nonas Apriles anno VII Kartha/g(i)n(is) vixit annis XCVI
Dorotheus of Marcianopolis View Case	from: 432 to: --	Marcianopolis [Devnya]	Caesarea [Kayseri]	unknown	bishop	Theodosius II Theodosius II Nestorius	ACO 1.4:203, no. 279 Iohannes Rufus, Plerophories (Nau, PO 8, 1911: 83), citing History composed by Timothy Aelurus. Barhadbessaba Arbaia (Nau, PO 9/5, 1913:493-677) 30
Egidius of Reims View Case	from: 590 to: --	Mettis [Metz]	Argentorate [Strasbourg]	unknown	bishop	Childebert II Romulfus of Reims Ennodius	Gregorius of Tours, historiae 10.19 (MGH SS rer. Merov. 1.1:510-13) http://www.dmgh.de/de/fs1/object/display/bsb00000747_00555.html?sortIndex=010%3A020%3A0001%3A010%3A01%3A00&zoom=0.75
Elias of Jerusalem View Case	from: 516 to: 518	Ierusalem [Jerusalem]	Castellum Paraxenense (in Aila?) [Eilat]	no	bishop	Olympus Anastasius Iohannes Severus of Antioch	Victor of Tunnuna, chronica 509 (MGH auct. ant. 11:194)
Eliseus of Sardis View Case	from: 571 to: --	Sardis [Sart]	Monastery of Dios [n/a]	unknown	bishop	Ioannes of Constantinople (sixth c.) Keepers Iustinus II Aelia Sophia	Ioannes of Ephesus, historia ecclesiastica 1.15 Michael Syrus 10.4/5 (Chabot 2:297)
Eparchius Avitus (PLRE 2, Avitus 5, 106-8) View Case	from: 456 to: --	Placentia [Piacenza]	Placentia [Piacenza]	no	n/a	Flavius Ricimer Eusebius of Milan	Auctarium Prosperi Hauniensis 456 (MGH auct. ant. 9: 304); Hydatius Lemicus, chronica 183 (s.a. 456); Chronica Gallica 511, no. 628; Theophanes, AM 5948; John of Antioch frg. 225 (Mariev 412); Jordanes, Getica 240 (MGH AA 5:119); Victor of Tunnuna, chronica 456 (MGH AA 11.2:186); Gregorius of Tours, historiae 2.11 (MGH SRM 1.1:61); Evagrius, historia ecclesiastica 2.7; Auctarium Prosperi Hauniensis, s.a. 456;
Eugenius of Carthage (PCBE Eugenius 2) View Case	from: 484 to: 487	Carthago [Carthage]	Turris Tamalleni [Telmine]	yes	bishop	Huneric Antonius of Tamalluma Gunthamund	Victor of Vita, historia persecutionis Africanae provinciae 3.34, 42-44 (CSEL 7:89). Notitia Provinciarum et Civitatum Africae, ed. C. Halm, Historia persecutionis Africanae provinciae, MGH, AA, III.I (Berlin, 1879), pp.63-71, 1. Gennadius, De Viris Illustribus, 97. Victor of Tunnuna, chronica, a.479. Laterculus regum Vandalorum et Alanorum, ed. T. Mommsen, MGH ASA 13, Chronica Minora 3 (Berlin: 1898), pp.456-60, Augiensis 5:8.
Eugenius of Carthage (PCBE Eugenius 2) View Case	from: 496 to: 505	Carthago [Carthage]	Albiga [Albi]	no	bishop	Thrasamund	Gregorius of Tours, historiae, 2.3. Gregorius of Tours, Glory of the Martyrs, ed. and trans. R. Van Dam (Liverpool: 2004), 57.
Eulalius (PCBE 2, Eulalius 2, 680-81) View Case	from: 419 to: 419	Roma [Rome]		yes	bishop	Flavius Honorius Aurelius Anicius Symmachus corporati and maiores regionum Flavius Honorius people and clergy of Rome	collectio Avellana 20-29 (CSEL 35.1:61-5) https://archive.org/stream/epistulaeimperat01gnth#page/66/mode/2up Liber Pontificalis 44 (Duchesne I:89-92) https://archive.org/stream/bookofpopesliber00loom#page/88/mode/2up
Eulogius View Case	from: 373 to: 379	Edessa [Şanlıurfa]	Antinoopolis [El Sheikh Ibada]	yes	presbyter	Flavius Valens Protogenes bishop of Antinoopolis	Theodoret, historia ecclesiastica 4.18 (SC 530:248)
Eunomius of Cyzikus (PCBE 3, Eunomius 1, 295-342) View Case	from: 358 to: 360	Antiochia/Theoupolis [Antakya]	Midaion [Karahöyük]	n/a	deacon	Basilius of Ancyra Constantius II Maris of Chalcedon Eudoxius of Antioch Aetius of Antioch	Philostorgius, historia ecclesiastica 4.5, 4.8 Theodoret, historia ecclesiastica 2.27, p. 160-61 Sozomenus, historia ecclesiastica 4.13.5-6, p. 156 Gregory of Nyssa, contra Eunomium
Eunomius of Cyzikus (PCBE 3, Eunomius 1, 295-342) View Case	from: 367 to: 368	Chalcedon [Kadiköy]	Mauretania [Mauritania]	yes	unknown	Auxonius Valens of Mursa Domninus of Marcianopolis Flavius Valens	Philostorgius, historia ecclesiastica 9.8
Eunomius of Cyzikus (PCBE 3, Eunomius 1, 295-342) View Case	from: 389 to: 393	Chalcedon [Kadiköy]	Halmyris [Murighiol]	no	unknown	Theophronius Flavius Theodosius	Philostorgius, historia ecclesiastica 10.6 Hieronymus, de viris illustribus 120 (Herding 62) Sozomenus, historia ecclesiastica 7.17 Socrates, historia ecclesiastica 5.20 (NPNF)
Euphemius of Constantinople View Case	from: 496 to: 515	Constantinopolis [Istanbul]	Euchaita [Beyözü]	no	bishop	Anastasius Macedonius II of Constantinople Archdeacon in Constantinople	Ioannes of Nikiu, chronica 89.46; Victor of Tunnuna, chronica 496 (MGH AA 11.2: 192); Theodorus (Anagnostes) Lector, historia ecclesiastica 457 (GCS 53:128); Malalas, chronica 16.11 (Dindorf, 400); Theophanes, AM 5989 (de Boor, 140); Chronicle of Zuqnin, Third part, 488-489, 497-498 (Harrak, 37-8);
Eusebius of Dorylaeum View Case	from: 449 to: 451	Ephesus [Selçuk]		yes	bishop	Leo of Rome	Collectio Avellana, Gesta de nomine Acaci, epist. 99.11-16 (CSEL 35.1:444-5) https://archive.org/stream/epistulaeimperat01gnth#page/444/mode/2up
Eusebius of Samosata View Case	from: 373 to: 378	Samosata [Samsat]	Thracia [Thrace]	yes	bishop	Flavius Valens Lucius of Alexandria Imperial messenger Slave of Eusebius of Samosata friends of Eusebius of Samosata Eunomius of Samosata Basilius of Caesarea Otreius of Melitene Paulus the deacon or presbyter Gregorius of Nazianzus Eupraxius Leontius Sophronius Mare of Doliche Domnica Eudoxius of Antioch	Theodoret, historia ecclesiastica 4.12-13 (NPNF); Basilius of Caesarea, epistula 181-183, 198, 237, 268; Gregorius of Nazianzus, epistula 64-66; Theophanes, AM 5871;
Eusebius of Vercelli (PCBE 2, Eusebius 1, 692-7) View Case	from: 355 to: 362	Mediolan(i)um [Milan]	Scythopolis/Nysa [Beit She'an]	yes	bishop	People of Vercelli People of Novara People of Ivrea People of Tortona Liberius of Rome Callepius Lucifer of Cagliari Pancratius Hilarius Eustomius Germinius of Sirmium Constantius II Valens of Mursa Dionysius of Milan Ursacius of Singidunum Patrophilus of Scythopolis Iosephus Clerics (brethren, presbyters and deacons) Adherents of Patrophilus agentes in rebus Syrus Victorinus Tigrinus Inhabitants of Scythopolis Gregorius of Elvira Diaconus The poor in Scythopolis Honoratus Limenius Nuns in Scythopolis Evagrius of Antioch Heraclianus Gregorius of Elvira Exuperantius of Tortona	Eusebius of Vercelli, epistula 1 ad Constantium (CCSL 9:103); Eusebius of Vercelli, epistula 2 (CCSL 9:104-9); Eusebius of Vercelli, epistula 3 (CCSL 9:110); Eusebius of Vercelli, Appendix II (CCSL 9:119-23); Lucifer of Cagliari, epistula 7 (CCSL 8:319 = CCSL 9:120); Hilarius of Poitiers, textus narrativus (Liber I ad Constantium) 1.3 (CSEL 65:186-7), Hilarius of Poitiers, Fragmentum historiarum, App. VII.1 (CSEL 65:164-5); Sulpicius Severus, Chronica 2.39 (CSEL 1:92-3); Athanasius, apologia ad Constantium 27 (SC 56:118-19); Athanasius, De fuga 4 (Opitz II.1:70-71); Athanasius, historia Arianorum 33.6, 46.3, 76.3 (Opitz II.1:201, 210, 225); Faustinus et Marcellinus, Libellus precum 2.23 (CSEL 35.1:12); Gesta inter Liberium et Felicem 2 (CSEL 35.1:1); Hieronymus, chronica, ann. 355 (GCS 47:239-40); Hieronymus, de viris illustribus 96 (TU 14.1:47); Prosper of Aquitaine, epitoma chronicon (MGH auct. ant. 9, chronica minora 1:455); Rufinus , historia ecclesiastica 10.21, 28 (GCS 9.2:987-8, 991); Socrates, historia ecclesiastica 2.36, 3.5 (PG 67:301-2, 388); Sozomenus, historia ecclesiastica 4.9.3-4 , 5.12.1 (GCS 50:148, 210-11); Theodoret, historia ecclesiastica 2.15.4, 3.4.2 (GCS 19:129, 179); Epiphanius, Panarion 30.5.2 (GCS 25:339-40); CIL V 6722-3; Inscriptiones Christianae 1049-50 (Diehl);
Eustathius of Antioch View Case	from: 374 to: --	Constantinopolis [Istanbul]	Bizye [Vize]	unknown	other	Flavius Valens	Sozomenus, historia ecclesiastica 6.13.4 (SC 495:310) Socrates, historia ecclesiastica 4.15 (SC 505:67) Theophanes, AM 5861 (de Boor 58).
Eustathius of Antioch (age of Constantine) View Case	from: 326 to: 337	Antiochia/Theoupolis [Antakya]	Traianoupolis [Alexandroupoli (Thrace)]	no	bishop	Woman in Antioch Eulalius of Antioch Eusebius of Nicomedia Calandion of Antioch Cyrus of Beroea Flavius Valerius Constantinus Flavia Iulia Helena many presbyters and deacons in Antioch	Athanasius, historia Arianorum 4.1, 5.2; Athanasius, de fuga 3.3; Socrates, historia ecclesiastica 1.24.2; Sozomenus, historia ecclesiastica 2.19.1; Eusebius, vita Constantini 3.59 (SC); Hieronymus, de viris illustribus 85 (Herding 52); Philostorgius, historia ecclesiastica 2.7; Theodoret, historia ecclesiastica 1.22 (SC 501:286); Theophanes, AM 5818 (de Boor 28); Theodorus (Anagnostes) Lector, epitome historiae ecclesiasticae, 435
Eutherius of Tyana View Case	from: 432 to: --	Tyana [Kemerhisar]	Scythopolis/Nysa [Beit She'an]	unknown	bishop		ACO 1.4:204, no. 279
Eutyches View Case	from: 451 to: --	Constantinopolis [Istanbul]	Doliche [Dülük]	unknown	abbot	Leo of Rome Theodosius II Marcianus (emperor)	Leo, epistulae 84 (ACO 2.4:44), 93.3 (PL 54:939) http://books.google.de/books?id=9fgQAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA1-PT423#v=onepage&q&f=false Theodorus (Anagnostes) Lector, historia ecclesiastica frg. 356 (GCS n.F. 3:100)
Evolcius of Samosata View Case	from: 373 to: --	Samosata [Samsat]	Oasis Magna/Thebaidos [El-Kharga]	unknown	deacon	Lucius of Alexandria Lucius of Alexandria Lucius of Alexandria	Theodoret, historia ecclesiastica 4.15.8 (SC 530:238)
Felix View Case	from: 553 to: --	monastery at Gillium [n/a]	Antinoopolis [El Sheikh Ibada]	unknown	other	Associates of Rusticus and Felix	Victor of Tunnuna, chronica 553.1 (MGH auct. ant. 11:203) Rusticus, contra Acephalos disputatio pr. (PL 67:1170B)
Felix of Abbir Maius (PCBE 1, Felix 61, 432-33) View Case	from: 480 to: --	Abbir Maius [Henchir el Khandaq]	desert in North Africa (unlocated) [North Africa]	unknown	bishop	African clerics (4,966) Huneric	Victor of Vita Historia Persecutionis 2.26-37
Fl. Taurus Seleucus Cyrus (PLRE 2, Cyrus 7, 336-9; PCBE 3, Kyros 2, 604-8) View Case	from: 443 to: 450	Constantinopolis [Istanbul]	Smyrna [Izmir]	yes	n/a	Theodosius II Chrysaphius congregation in Kotiaeion	Malalas, chronica 14.16 (Dindorf, 361-2); Chronicon paschale, anno 450, p. 587-9; Joannes of Nikiu, chronica 84.47-57, p. 339-40; Theophanes, AM 5937 (de Boor, 96-7); Nicephorus Callistus, historia ecclesiastica 14.46 (PG 146:1220A-B); Patria 3.111, p. 252; Leo the Grammarian, p. 110; Zonaras 13.22.47-52 (vol. 3:106); Cedrenus 1, p. 598-9; Suidas, Th 145 (vol. 2:695), K 2776 (vol. 3:220); vita Danielis Stylitis 31-6, p. 30-34; epitomai vitae Danielis Stylitis 4, 19, p. 97, 119; Simeon Metaphrastes, vita Danielis Stylites 19 (PG 116:993D); Anthologia Palatina 1.99 (vol. 1:38-9); John Lydus, de magistratibus 3.42, p. 198;
Flavianus of Antioch View Case	from: 512 to: 518	Antiochia/Theoupolis [Antakya]	Petra [Petra]	no	bishop	Severus of Antioch Anastasius monks from Cynegica and Syria Prima monks of Syria Secunda Iohannes of Paltus	Marcellinus comes, chronica 512 (MGH 11:98) ; Malalas, chronica 16.11 (Dindorf 400); Evagrius, historia ecclesiastica 3.32 (SC 542:482); Ioannes of Nikiu, chronica 89.70; Theophanes, AM 6004 (de Boor 156); Chronicle of Zuqnin, Third part, 516-517 (Harrak, 48);
Flavianus of Constantinople View Case	from: 449 to: 449	Ephesus [Selçuk]	Hypaipa [Günlüce (Datbey)]	no	bishop	Dioscorus of Alexandria Saturninus Licinia Eudoxia Theodosius II Escort of Pulcheria Chrysaphius Aelia Pulcheria Valentinianus III Aelia Galla Placidia Leo of Rome	Collectio Avellana 99 (CSEL 35.1:443) https://archive.org/stream/epistulaeimperat01gnth#page/442/mode/2up Marcellinus comes, chronica 449 (MGH auct. ant. 11:83): Flauianus episcopus in secunda aput Ephesum synodo ui Dioscori Alexandriae episcopi et Saturnini spadonis in Epipam exulatus est. Theophanes, AM 5941. ACO 2.1.1 epp. 2-4, 14. Leo, epistulae 45, 54, 62, 63, 64, 77 (PL 54)
Flavius Ioannes ('the Cappadocian') (PLRE 3, Ioannes 11, 627-35) View Case	from: 541 to: 548	Cyzikus [Erdek/Bandirma]	Antinoopolis [El Sheikh Ibada]	yes	presbyter	Theodora (empress) Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus	Procopius, bellum Persarum 1.25.39-43, 2.30.49-50; Malalas, chronica 480, fr. 47; Procopius, anecdota 17.40-44, 21.5; Marcellinus Comes, additamenta ad chronicon a. 544
Flavius Longinus (PLRE 2, Longinus 6, 689-90) View Case	from: 492 to: 499	Constantinopolis [Istanbul]	Alexandria [Alexandria]	no	n/a	Anastasius	Theophanes, AM 5984; Zonaras 14.3.20; John of Antioch, fragmentum 214b
Florentius (PCBE 1, Florentius 8, 475) View Case	from: 440 to: 449	North Africa [North Africa]	Cyrrus [Khoros]	no	bishop	Theodoretus of Cyrrhus Eusebius of Ancyra	Theodoret, epistula 22 (21)
Frontinus of Salona View Case	from: 554 to: 562	Constantinopolis [Istanbul]	Antinoopolis [El Sheikh Ibada]	unknown	bishop	Petrus of Salona	Victor of Tunnuna, chronica 554 and 562 (MGH auct. ant. 11:203, 205)
Fulgentius (PCBE 1, Fulgentius 1, 507-13) View Case	from: 508 to: 517	Ruspe [Koudiat Rosfa]	Sardinia [Sardinia]	yes	bishop	Thrasamund	Vita Fulgentii, trans. R.B. Eno, Fulgentius: Selected Works (Washington, D.C.: 1997), p.30., chapter 17-19.
Fulgentius (PCBE 1, Fulgentius 1, 507-13) View Case	from: 518 to: 523	Carthago [Carthage]	Sardinia [Sardinia]	yes	bishop	Thrasamund Hilderic	Vita Fulgentii 18-28, trans. R.B. Eno, Fulgentius: Selected Works (Washington, D.C.: 1997)
Gaianus of Alexandria View Case	from: 536 to: --	Alexandria [Alexandria]	Carthago [Carthage]	unknown	bishop	Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus Theodora (empress) Theodosius of Alexandria Narsis Gaianitians in Alexandria Dioscorus	Liberatus, Breviarium 20 (ACO 2.5:135) Historia patriarcharum Alexandrinorum 1.13 (PO 1:455-461) Victor of Tunnuna, chronica 540 (MGH AA 11:199)
Gaudiosus of Naples (PCBE 1, Gaudiosus 4, 528) View Case	from: 440 to: 455	Abitina/Abitinae [Chouhoud el-Batin]	Neapolis [Naples]	no	bishop	Geiseric	Petrus Subdiaconus, vita Sancti Agnelli confessoris, prologus
Glycerius (PLRE 2, Glycerius, 514) View Case	from: 474 to: --	Ravenna [Ravenna]	Salona [Solin]	unknown	n/a	Iulius Nepos	Fasti Vindibonensis Priores, s.a. 474; Paschale Campanum, s.a. 474; Auctarium Prosperi Hauniensis 474 (MGH AA 9: 307); Marcellinus comes, chronica a. 474 (MGH AA 11.2:91); Jordanes, Romana 338; Jordanes, Getica 241, (MGH AA 5:43, 120); Anonymus Valesianus 2.7.36 (ed. J. Moreau (Leipzig: Teubner, 1968), 10); John of Antioch, frg. 209 (Mariev, 375); Evagrius, historia ecclesiastica 2.16 (SC 542:304-6); Theophanes, AM 5965; Malchus in Photius, bibliotheca 78;
Gregorius View Case		Hispania [Spain]	Divona (civitas Carducorum) [Cahors]	no	unknown	Petrus (in Divona)	CIL 13, 01547 (4, p 20) = ILCV 04446 = CLE 01419 = RICG-08, 00060 = CAG-46, p 140 = AE 2007, +00127 Conditus hoc tumulo tegitur / Gregorius exul / exulis et Petri quem / posuere manus / qui tamen Hispana natus / tellure supremum / conplet Cadurcis morte / deflenda diem
Habetdeum of Thamallula (PCBE Habetdeum 4) View Case	from: 484 to: --	Tamalluma [unknown]	Turris Tamalleni [Telmine]	unknown	bishop	Antonius of Tamalluma	Victor of Vita, Historia Persecutionis 3.45-46; 53-54 Notitia Provinciarum et Civitatum Africae, Byzac. 55
Heracleides of Ephesus View Case	from: 404 to: 408	Ephesus [Selçuk]	Nicomedia [İzmit]	yes	bishop	Flavius Arcadius	Palladius, Vita Joannis Chrysostomi 20 (SC 341:396-402)
Hierax View Case	from: 358 to: --	Egypt or Lybia [Egypt or Lybia]	Syene [Aswan]	unknown	presbyter	Sebastianus	Athanasius, historia Arianorum 72 (PG 25:780); Athanasius, de fuga 7 (PG 25:653); Theodoret, historia ecclesiastica 2.14 (SC 501:394);
Hilarius of Poitiers (PCBE 4, Hilarius 1, 989-97) View Case	from: 356 to: 360	Limonum/Pictavi [Poitiers]	Phrygia [Central Anatolia]	yes	bishop	Liberius of Rome Rhodanius of Toulouse Valens of Mursa Ursacius of Singidunum Constantius II Bishops of Gaul Priests in Poitiers Abra of Poitiers 160 Eastern bishops Ten Nicaean and ten 'heretical' bishops Saturninus of Arles Martinus of Tours	Hilarius of Poitiers, liber contra Auxentium 7 (PL 10:614); Hilarius of Poitiers, ad Constantium 2.1-2 (CSEL 65:197-8); Hilarius of Poitiers, in Constantium 2 and 12-15 (SC 334:170 and 192-8); Hilarius of Poitiers, de synodis 1-2, 8 and 63 (PL 10:479-81, 485 and 522-3); Hilarius of Poitiers, de trinitate 1-3, 4.1 and 10.4 (SC 443:202-386, SC 448:12 and SC 462:178); Hilarius of Poitiers, Fragmentum historiarum A.5-9, B.3.2, B.7.1-2, B.7.5-11 and B.8.1-2 (CSEL 65:78-97, 155-6, 164-73 and 174-7); Venantius Fortunatus, vita s. Hilarii 6 (MGH auct. ant. 4.2:3); Hieronymus, chronica, ann. 356 (Jeanjean-Lancon, 92); Hieronymus, de viris illustribus 100 (Ceresa-Gastaldo, 204); Hieronymus, altercatio Luciferiani et orthodoxi 19 (CCSL 79B:48-9); Faustinus et Marcellinus, libellus precum 24 (SC 504:130); Prosper of Aquitaine, chronica 1096 (ann. 356) (MGH auct. ant. 9:455); Sozomenus, historia ecclesiastica 3.14.41, 4.12.6 and 4.22 (SC 418:138, 242 and 300-312); Sulpicius Severus, chronica 2.42 and 2.45.2-3 (SC 441:322 and 330); Sulpicius Severus, vita Martini 6.7 and 7.1 (SC 133:266); Socrates, historia ecclesiastica 2.39-40 (SC 493:200-216); Epistula ab episcopis Gallicanis ad orientales episcopos 1-4 (CCSL 148:33-4);
Horontius (PCBE 1, Horontius, 575) View Case	from: 508 to: 523	Byzacena [Tunisia]	Sardinia [Sardinia]	yes	bishop		Fulgentius, epistula 16 Fulgentius, epistula 17
Hypatius View Case	from: 380 to: --	Nicaea [Iznik]	Cyrus [Duruca]	unknown	unknown	Flavius Theodosius	Philostorgius, historia ecclesiastica 9.19
Ibas of Edessa View Case	from: 449 to: 451	Edessa [Şanlıurfa]	20 different prisons, including one in Antioch [n/a]	yes	bishop	Flavius Thomas Iulianus Chaereas Chrysaphius Eutyches Nonnus of Edessa	ACO 2.1:376, 2.5:117; Sacrosancta Concilia (Labbe) 4:634, 891, 917; Chronica Edessena LXVIII; Barhadbessaba Arbaia (Nau, PO 9, Fasc. 5); Acta Synodis Ephesinae IIB (Akten der ephesinischen Synode vom Jahre 449) , ed. J. Flemming, Berlin 1917, p. 21-69
Illustris (PCBE 1, Illustris, 599) View Case	from: 508 to: 523	Byzacena [Tunisia]	Sardinia [Sardinia]	yes	bishop		Vita Fulgentii, trans. R.B. Eno, Fulgentius: Selected Works (Washington, D.C.: 1997), chapter 17.
Ioannes Chrysostomos View Case	from: 403 to: 403	Constantinopolis [Istanbul]		yes	bishop	Aelia Eudoxia Crowd in Constantinople Theophilus of Alexandria Chief of police in Constantinople Military escort in Constantinople Severianus of Gabala Brison three groups of imperial messengers Innocentius of Rome notarius in Constantinople more than thirty bishops in Constantinople	sources according to J.N.D. Kelly, Golden Mouth, The story of John Chrysostom - ascetic, preacher, bishop, London 1996
Ioannes Chrysostomos View Case	from: 404 to: 407	Constantinopolis [Istanbul]	Kokousos [Göksun]	no	bishop	Acacius of Beroea Severianus of Gabala Antiochus of Ptolemais Cyrinus of Chalcedon Flavius Arcadius Patricius Bishops faithful to John Chrysostom Olympias Pentadia Procla Silvina Soldiers in Constantinople Lucius Crowd in Constantinople Guard in Constantinople Cyriacus of Emesa Eulysius of Bostra other clergy Theodorus Studius Arsacius of Tarsus Brison Leontius of Ancyra messengers from bishop Pharetrius administrative and military officials, the leading professors, the clergy and many religious fanatical monks in Caesarea clergy in Caesarea Seleucia Pharetrius of Caesarea Euethius Paianius Doctor Dioscorus Friends of John Chrysostom's in Constantinople Sopater Sabiniana Constantius (priest) Firminus Elpidius of Laodicea Otreius of Arabissus anonymous in Arabissus Seleucus Tranquillinus physician Friends of John Chrysostom's Pilgrims the destitute of Cucusus and Arabissus Gothic monks Malchus Gemellus Anthemius Candidianus Anicia Faltonia Proba Anicia Iuliana Monk sent by John Chrysostom Agapetus Innocentius of Rome delegation to Rome Latin bishops and priests Eastern bishops Chromatius of Aquileia anonymous recipient Venerius of Milan Gaudentius of Brescia Porphyrius of Antioch Syrian bishops Praetorian guards Basiliscus (martyr) Proclus of Constantinople Theodosius II Aelia Pulcheria Carteria Marcianus Marcellinus Alfius Castus Valerius Diophantus Cyriacus Roman presbyter Hesychius anonymous bishop 1 anonymous bishop 2 Basilius Chalcidia Asyncritia Heortius Euthalia Adolia Maro Hymnetius Valentinus Bassiana Theodotus Symmachus Ruffinus Namaea Diogenes Nicolaus Gerontius Symeon Maris Romulus Byzus Theodosius (dux) Theodotus Theodotus Aphthonius Theodotus (presbyter) Chaerea Harmatius Cytherius Leontius Faustinus Lucius (bishop) Maris (bishop) Eulogius (bishop) Ioannes of Jerusalem Theodosius of Scythopolis Moysis (bishop) Moysis (presbyter) Amprucla Hypatius Severus Urbicius Rufinus Bassus Anatolius of Adana Theodorus Palladius (bishop) Theophilus (presbyter) Theodora bishops and presbyters in prison Arabius Marcianus (tribunus) Phoenician presbyters and monks Polybius Marinianus Theodotus (deacon) Theodorus Demetrius (bishop) Aurelius of Carthage Aurelius of Carthage Asellus (bishop) Bishops addressed by John Chrysostom Anysius Numerius Theodosius Eutropius Eustathius Marcellus Eusebius Maximianus Eugenius Gerontius Thyrsus all orthodox bishops of Macedonia Alexander of Corinth Italica Montius Helladius Euethius Bishops, presbyter and deacons in Chalcedon Artemidorus Hesychius of Salon Alypius Procopius Antiochus Onesicratia Claudianus Actius Danielis Callistratus of Isauria Herculius Cyriacus Sallustius Theodolus Acacius Salvio Timotheus (presbyter) Philippus (presbyter) Sebastianus (presbyter) Pelagius (presbyter) Musonius Euthymius (presbyter) Severiana Romula Theodorus (physician) Severa Porphyrius of Rhosos Carterius Anatolius	sources according to J.N.D. Kelly, Golden Mouth, The story of John Chrysostom - ascetic, preacher, bishop, London 1996
Ioannes of Ephesus View Case	from: 571 to: 589	Constantinopolis [Istanbul]	Imperial palace of Constantinople [Palace of Constantinople]	no	bishop	Iustinus II Paulus of Antioch Young attendant in Constantinople Syncellus of the patriarch in Constantinople Servant of Ioannes of Ephesus Guard of Ioannes of Ephesus Ioannes of Sirmium Eutychius of Constantinople Aelia Sophia	Ioannes of Ephesus, historia ecclesiastica 1.17, 2.4-7, 41, 44, 50 Michael Syrus 10.6, 18 (Chabot 2:300, 303, 349)
Ioannes of Harran View Case	from: 518 to: --	Carrhae [Altınbaşak]		unknown	bishop	Iustinus Lupicina (Euphemia)	Chronicle of Zuqnin, Third part, 517-518 (Harrak, 51)
Ioannes of Hephaistopolis View Case	from: 536 to: --	Hephaistopolis [Kayetbai]	Fortress Derkos [n/a]	no	bishop	Flavius Petrus Sabbatius Iustinianus Theodora (empress) Ioannes of Ephesus	Ioannes of Ephesus, Life of Z’ura (PO 17:35) Ioannes of Ephesus, Life of John of Hephaistopolis (PO 18:528-529) Victor of Tunnuna, chronica 540 (MGH AA 11:199)
Iohannes of Girona View Case	from: 577 to: 586	Gerunda [Girona]	Col. Barcino [Barcelona]	yes	bishop	Liuvigild	Isidorus of Seville, de viris illustribus 62 (PL 83:1105)
Iohannes of Paltus View Case	from: 512 to: --	Paltos [Arab al-Mulk]	Petra [Petra]	no	bishop		Marcellinus comes, chronica 512 (MGH 11:98)
Iohannes of Tella View Case	from: 521 to: 538	Tella [Viranşehir]		no	bishop	Severus of Antioch Monophysite bishops Monophysite monks Ioannes of Ephesus '170,000' clerics 70 Amidene monks Ephraim of Amida Twelve bishops from the Antioch area	V.-L. Menze, “The Regula ad Diaconos: John of Tella, his Eucharistic Ecclesiology and the Establishment of an Ecclesiastical Hierarchy in Exile,” Oriens Christianus 90 (2006), 44-90 Severus, Select Letters 5.14 (Brooks, 1902-4, 389-94) Ioannes of Ephesus, Vitae Sanctorum Orientalium 18 (PO 18:513-26) Chronicle of Zuqnin, Third part, 517-518 (Harrak, 51)
Irenaeus (PLRE 2, Irenaeus 2, 624-5) View Case	from: 435 to: 445	Constantinopolis [Istanbul]	Petra [Petra]	yes	n/a	Theodosius II Photius Flavius Anthemius Isidorus	ACO I.4:203 nos. 277-8
Isidorus of Hermopolis View Case	from: 373 to: --	Hermopolis [El-Ashmunein]	Sepphoris/Diocaesarea [n/a]	unknown	bishop		Theodoret, historia ecclesiastica 4.22.35 (SC 530:288) Palladius, Historia Lausiaca 46.2
Isidorus of Kenneshrin View Case	from: 536 to: 536	Chalcis ad Belum [Qinnasrin]	Alexandria [Alexandria]	no	bishop	Marutha Shmuni Iustinus Lupicina (Euphemia) Theodora (empress)	Ioannes of Ephesus, Vita sanctorum orientalium 13 (PO 82:189) Pseudo-Dionysius of Tel-Mahre, chronicon 3.32 (transl. Witakowski, 31-32) Chronicle of Zuqnin, Third part, 517-518 (Harrak, 50)
Iulianus of Halicarnassus View Case	from: 518 to: --	Halicarnassus [Bodrum]	Alexandria [Alexandria]	unknown	bishop	Iustinus	Theophanes, AM 6011 Chronicle of Zuqnin, Third part, 517-518 (Harrak, 51)
Liberatus presbyter (PCBE 1, Liberatus 6, 638) View Case	from: 439 to: --		Madauros [M'daourouch]	no	presbyter		ILAlg-01, 02760 = ILCV 01601b = AE 1916, 00083 = AE 2007, +00127 Presbyter Libe/ratus pro fide / cat(h)olica in exsili/o reces(s)it in pace et v(i)x(it) / annis LXXV / depositus est / die XVII Ka(lendas) Iulias

Browse

Browse Exile Cases

Refine Results

Gender

Only threatend with exile

Refuge from judicial proceedings

Exile as a result of asylum

Offences more

Legal type of exile

Additional punishment more

Deposed by synod?

Returned by synod?

Synod of deposition or return more

Returned?

Reason for return more

Intended duration more

Actual duration more

Location of departure more

Location of destination

Location of arrival more

Type of location of arrival more

Location of return more

Religious status before exile

Religious status after exile

Office before exile more

Office during exile more

Office after exile

Enforced rank change?

Religious affiliation before exile more

Religious affiliation during exile more

Religious affiliation after exile

Circumstances of leaving more

Reason for leaving place of exile

Writings in exile?

Activities related to doctrine more

Related people more

Death in exile?

Reason for death

Venerated? more

Exile start date (most numerous first) more

Exile end date (most numerous first) more