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Exile Case

Here you will find information about an individual exile case and links which enable you to view exile locations on a map as well as visualise the relationships between people and groups using a network diagram.
Person/Group Lucifer of Cagliari (PCBE 2, Lucifer 1, 1324-8) ( view the social network for this person / group )
Exile Date 355 - 04/02/362 (from: --/--/355 to: 4/2/362)
Sources Liberius, epistula 1-3, in: Eusebius of Vercelli, Appendix II B.1-2 (CCSL 9:122-3); Hilarius of Poitiers, Fragmentum historiarum, Appendix II A, VII; II B (CSEL 65:164-5, 187); Hilarius of Poitiers, de synodis 77 (PL 10:530); Hilarius of Poitiers, apologetica ad reprehensores libri de synodis 3 and 6 (PL 10:546-7); Florentius, epistula ad Luciferum and Lucifer of Cagliari, epistula ad Florentium (CCSL 8:305); Lucifer of Cagliari, epistula 3-4 and 6 (CCSL 8:306-10 and 316-18); Lucifer of Cagliari, epistula 7 (CCSL 8:319 = CCSL 9:120); Lucifer of Cagliari, de non conveniendo cum haereticis (CCSL 8:165-92); Lucifer of Cagliari, de Athanasio (CCSL 8:3-132); Lucifer of Cagliari, de regibus apostaticis (CCSL 8:135-61); Lucifer of Cagliari, moriundum esse pro Dei filio (CCSL 8:265-300); Rufinus, historia ecclesiastica 10.21, 28, 31 (GCS 9.2.2:987, 991, 994); Socrates, historia ecclesiastica 2.36, 3.5, 3.9 (PG 67:301, 388, 465); Sozomenus, historia ecclesiastica 3.15.7, 4.9.3-4, 5.12-13, 7.3.6 (GCS 50:126, 148, 210-12, 304); Theodoret, historia ecclesiastica 2.15.4, 3.4.2 (GCS 19:129, 179); Athanasius, apologia ad Constantium 27 (SC 56:118-19); Athanasius, De fuga 4 (Opitz II.1:70-71); Athanasius, historia Arianorum 33-34 and 46 (Opitz II.1:201-2 and 210); Athanasius, tomus ad Antiochenus 9 (PG 26:808); Gesta inter Liberium et Felicem 1, collectio Avellana 1 (CSEL 35.1:1); Faustinus et Marcellinus, Libellus precum 22-23, 63, 85, 89, 109, collectio Avellana 2 (CSEL 35.1:12, 23, 31-2, 39); Hieronymus, chronica, ann. 355 (GCS 47:239-40); Hieronymus, de viris illustribus 95 (TU 14.1:53); Prosper of Aquitaine, epitoma chronicon, ann. 354 (MGH auct. ant. 9, chronica minora 1:455); Sulpicius Severus, chronica 2.39 (CSEL 1:92); Vita Dionysii 76 (AASS Mai. VI:46, BHL 2168); Faustinus et Marcellinus, libellus precum 84, 86, 88, 109, Collectio Avellana 2 (CSEL 35.1:30-31, 39); Photius, bibliotheca 258 (483a) (Henry, 94);

Locations view exile locations

Location of exile's previous office Calaris [Cagliari]
Location exiled from Mediolan(i)um [Milan]
Location exiled to Germanikeia [Kahramanmaraş]
Location(s) arrived at Germanikeia [Kahramanmaraş]
Date of arrival 355- c. 358 (from: --/--/355 to: --/--/358)
Relationship to location alien place
Type of location city
Reason for leaving moved by authorities
   
Location(s) arrived at Beth Govrin/Eleutheropolis [Bet Jibrin]
Date of arrival c. 358- before 362 (from: --/--/358 to: --/--/362)
Relationship to location alien place
Type of location city
Reason for leaving moved by authorities
   
Location(s) arrived at Ariminum [Rimini]
Date of arrival after 358-before 362 (from: --/--/358 to: --/--/362)
Relationship to location alien place
Type of location city
Reason for leaving moved by authorities
   
Location(s) arrived at Upper Thebaid [Upper Thebaid]
Date of arrival after 358-before 362 (from: --/--/358 to: --/--/362)
Relationship to location alien place
Type of location region
Reason for leaving moved by authorities
Location(s) exile returned to Antiochia/Theoupolis [Antakya]
Location of office after return

Activities in Exile

Activities Related to Doctrine celebrates the mass, however, is interrupted by anonymous people who later deny to have killed an assistant and stolen church property: Faustinus et Marcellinus, libellus precum 109, Collectio Avellana 2 (CSEL 35.1:39). Agrees with Eusebius of Vercelli to go to Antioch and Alexandria respectively in order to restore Nicaean creed, in addition sends his deacons Errenius (PBCE 2, Erennios, 659) and Agapetus (PBCE 2, Agapetos 2, 40) to Alexandria.
Died in exile? no
Reason for death
Writings in Exile yes
   
Title of writing contra Constantium
Genre treatise
Extant? no
Notes Hieronymus, de viris illustribus 95 (TU 14.1:53): lucifer, caralitanus episcopus ... in palaestinam relegatus ... contra constantium imperatorem scripsit librum, eique legendum misit.
   
Title of writing de non conveniendo cum haereticis
Genre treatise
Extant? yes
Notes CCSL 8:165-92
   
Title of writing de regibus apostaticis
Genre treatise
Extant? yes
Notes CCSL 8:135-61
   
Title of writing moriundum esse pro Dei filio
Genre treatise
Extant? yes
Notes CCSL 8:265-300
   
Title of writing quia absentem nemo debet iudicare nec damnare sive de Athanasio
Genre treatise
Extant? yes
Notes CCSL 8:3-132
   
Title of writing de non parcendo in deum delinquentibus
Genre treatise
Extant? yes
Notes CCSL 8:195-261
   
Title of writing moriundum esse pro Dei filio
Genre treatise
Extant? yes
Notes CCSL 8:265-300
   

Legal details

Threat only no
Refuge from judicial proceedings no
Consequence of asylum no
Offenses exiled for/accused of Refusal to condemn Athanasius
Legal type of exile exilium, relegatio
Additional punishments
Intended duration permanent
Actual duration seven years
Notes on core legal details According to Hieronymus, de viris illustribus 95.1 (TU 14.1:53), relegatio: lucifer, caralitanus episcopus cum pancratio et hilario romanae ecclesiae clericis ad constantium imperatorem a liberio episcopo pro fide legatus missus, cum nollet sub nomine athanasii nicaenam damnare fidem, in palaestinam relegatus
Returned? yes
Reason for return edict of amnesty by Julianus
Notes on return Theodoret, historia ecclesiastica 3.4: "When Lucifer returned to Sardinia he made certain additions to the dogmas of the church and those who accepted them were named after him, and for a considerable time were called Luciferians. But in time the flame of this dogma too went out and it was consigned to oblivion."
Deposed by synod? yes
Synod deposed by Council of Milan 355 (from: --/--/-- to: --/--/--)
Returned by synod? no
Synod returned by

Religious status, office and affiliation

Religious status before exile clerical
Religious status during exile ??
Religious status after return clerical
Clerical or ascetic office before exile bishop
Clerical or ascetic office during exile
Clerical or ascetic office after return bishop
Enforced rank change? n/a
Religious affiliation before exile
Religious affiliation during exile
Religious affiliation after return Luciferian
Died in exile? no

Cult

Venerated as a saint? Controversial, there is a a local feast day.
Date Date: Unknown
Cult site
Relics

Exile Relationships: Interactions

    Luciferians

  • Interaction Date Date: Unknown
    Interaction Location
    Office
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) unknown
    Relationship Quality allegiance
    Notes Faustinus et Marcellinus, libellus precum 84 and 86, collectio Avellana 2 (CSEL 35.1:30 and 31) Rufinus, historia ecclesiastica 10.31 (GCS 9.2.2:994) Socrates, historia ecclesiastica 3.9 (PG 67:465) Sozomenus, historia ecclesiastica 3.15.7, 5.13 and 7.3.6 (GCS 50:126, 212 and 304)
    Other Interaction Type
    Yes (sect of followers)

    • Athanasius

  • Interaction Date Date: Unknown
    Interaction Location
    Office
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile) Nicaean
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) cleric
    Relationship Quality support
    Notes Athanasius is said to have translated Lucifer's writings and exchanged letters.Faustinus et Marcellinus, libellus precum 88, collectio Avellana 2 (CSEL 35.1:31) Lucifer of Cagliari, epistula 3-4 and 6 (CCSL 8:306-10 and 316-18)
    Correspondent
    Yes

    • Pancratius

  • Interaction Date 355 (from: --/--/-- to: --/--/--)
    Interaction Location Mediolan(i)um [Milan]
    Office presbyter
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) cleric
    Relationship Quality support
    Notes Liberius of Rome, epistula 2, in: Eusebius of Vercelli, Appendix II B.2 (CCSL 9:122).
    Other Interaction Type
    Yes (Joint attendant of council)

    • Liberius of Rome

  • Interaction Date 354 (from: --/--/354 to: --/--/--)
    Interaction Location Roma [Rome]
    Office Bishop of Rome
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) cleric
    Relationship Quality support
    Notes Liberius of Rome, epistula 1.2, in: Eusebius of Vercelli, Appendix II B.1 (CCSL 9:122) Hilarius, Fragm. hist., Appendix II A, VII (CSEL 65:164-5)
    Correspondent
    Yes (writer of letter)

    • Pancratius

  • Interaction Date 354 (from: --/--/354 to: --/--/--)
    Interaction Location Vercellae [Vercelli]
    Office presbyter
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) cleric
    Relationship Quality support
    Notes on journey to VercelliLiberius of Rome, epistula 2, in: Eusebius of Vercelli, Appendix II B.2 (CCSL 9:122).
    Companion
    Yes

    • Hilarius

  • Interaction Date 354 (from: --/--/354 to: --/--/--)
    Interaction Location Vercellae [Vercelli]
    Office Deacon
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) cleric
    Relationship Quality support
    Notes on journey to VercelliLiberius of Rome, epistula 2, in: Eusebius of Vercelli, Appendix II B.2 (CCSL 9:122).
    Companion
    Yes

    • Eusebius of Vercelli

  • Interaction Date 354 (from: --/--/354 to: --/--/--)
    Interaction Location Vercellae [Vercelli]
    Office Bishop
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) cleric
    Relationship Quality support
    Notes Liberius of Rome, epistula 2, in: Eusebius of Vercelli, Appendix II B.2 (CCSL 9:122) Liberius, epistula 3.2 (CCSL 9:123) Lucifer of Cagliari, epistula 7 (CCSL 8:319 = CCSL 9:120) Rufinus, historia ecclesiastica 10.28 (GCS 9.2.2:991) Socrates, historia ecclesiastica 3.5 (PG 67:388) Sozomenus, historia ecclesiastica 5.12.1 (GCS 50:210-11) Theodoretus, historia ecclesiastica 3.4.2 (GCS 19:179)
    Other Interaction Type
    Yes (Sent to Eusebius by Liberius)

    • Eusebius of Vercelli

  • Interaction Date 354 (from: --/--/354 to: --/--/--)
    Interaction Location Mediolan(i)um [Milan]
    Office Bishop
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) cleric
    Relationship Quality support
    Notes Liberius of Rome, epistula 2, in: Eusebius of Vercelli, Appendix II B.2 (CCSL 9:122) Liberius, epistula 3.2 (CCSL 9:123) Lucifer of Cagliari, epistula 7 (CCSL 8:319 = CCSL 9:120) Rufinus, historia ecclesiastica 10.28 (GCS 9.2.2:991) Socrates, historia ecclesiastica 3.5 (PG 67:388) Sozomenus, historia ecclesiastica 5.12.1 (GCS 50:210-11) Theodoretus, historia ecclesiastica 3.4.2 (GCS 19:179)
    Other Interaction Type
    Yes (Lucifer is recommended to Eusebius in a letter by Liberius)

    • Constantius II

  • Interaction Date 354 (from: --/--/354 to: --/--/--)
    Interaction Location Mediolan(i)um [Milan]
    Office Emperor
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile) Arian
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) lay
    Relationship Quality conflict
    Notes Hilarius of Poitiers, fragm. hist. A, VII (CSEL 65:93).
    Other Interaction Type
    Yes (receiver of papal letter carried by Lucifer)

    • Hilarius

  • Interaction Date 355 (from: --/--/355 to: --/--/--)
    Interaction Location Mediolan(i)um [Milan]
    Office Deacon
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) cleric
    Relationship Quality support
    Notes Liberius of Rome, epistula 2, in: Eusebius of Vercelli, Appendix II B.2 (CCSL 9:122).
    Other Interaction Type
    Yes (Joint attendant of council)

    • Eusebius of Vercelli

  • Interaction Date 355 (from: --/--/355 to: --/--/--)
    Interaction Location Mediolan(i)um [Milan]
    Office Bishop
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) cleric
    Relationship Quality
    Notes Liberius of Rome, epistula 2, in: Eusebius of Vercelli, Appendix II B.2 (CCSL 9:122) Liberius, epistula 3.2 (CCSL 9:123) Lucifer of Cagliari, epistula 7 (CCSL 8:319 = CCSL 9:120) Rufinus, historia ecclesiastica 10.28 (GCS 9.2.2:991) Socrates, historia ecclesiastica 3.5 (PG 67:388) Sozomenus, historia ecclesiastica 5.12.1 (GCS 50:210-11) Theodoretus, historia ecclesiastica 3.4.2 (GCS 19:179)
    Other Interaction Type
    Yes (Joint attendant of council)

    • Ursacius of Singidunum

  • Interaction Date 355 (from: --/--/355 to: --/--/--)
    Interaction Location Mediolan(i)um [Milan]
    Office Bishop
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile) Arian
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) cleric
    Relationship Quality conflict
    Notes
    Other Interaction Type
    Yes (Joint attendant of council)

    • Valens of Mursa

  • Interaction Date 355 (from: --/--/355 to: --/--/--)
    Interaction Location Mediolan(i)um [Milan]
    Office Bishop
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile) Arian
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) cleric
    Relationship Quality conflict
    Notes Lucifer of Cagliari, epistula 7 (CCSL 8:319 = CCSL 9:103).
    Other Interaction Type
    Yes (Joint attendant of council of Milan)

    • Dionysius of Milan

  • Interaction Date 355 (from: --/--/355 to: --/--/--)
    Interaction Location Mediolan(i)um [Milan]
    Office Bishop
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) cleric
    Relationship Quality support
    Notes Vita Dionysii 76 (AASS Mai. VI:46, BHL 2168); Hilarius of Poitiers, Text. narrativus (Liber I ad Constantium) 1.3 (CSEL 65:186-7); Sulpicius Severus, Chronica 2.39 (CSEL 1:92); Athanasius, apologia ad Constantium 27 (SC 56:118-9); Athanasius, de fuga 4 (Opitz 2.1:70-71; Athanasius, historia Arianorum 33.6 and 46.3 (Opitz 2.1:201 and 210); Rufinus, historia ecclesiastica 10.21 (GCS 9.2.2:987);
    Other Interaction Type
    Yes (Joint attendant of council)

    • Liberius of Rome

  • Interaction Date 355-6 (from: --/--/355 to: --/--/356)
    Interaction Location Roma [Rome]
    Office Bishop of Rome
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) cleric
    Relationship Quality support
    Notes on journey to exile placeLiberius of Rome, epistula 1.2, in: Eusebius of Vercelli, Appendix II B.1 (CCSL 9:122) Hilarius, Fragm. hist., Appendix II A, VII (CSEL 65:164-5)
    Correspondent
    Yes (writer of letter)

    • Eudoxius of Antioch

  • Interaction Date 355-358 (from: --/--/355 to: --/--/358)
    Interaction Location Germanikeia [Kahramanmaraş]
    Office Bishop
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile) Arian
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) cleric
    Relationship Quality conflict
    Notes Lucifer of Cagliari, de Athanasio 1.9 (CCSL 8:17): ad quem me destinasti german<ici>ensium adoxius.
    Guard
    Yes

    • Erennius

  • Interaction Date around 362 at latest (from: --/--/355 to: --/--/362)
    Interaction Location Upper Thebaid [Upper Thebaid]
    Office Deacon
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) unknown
    Relationship Quality support
    Notes Probable companion.After 04/02/361, sent to Alexandria by Lucifer to restore Nicaean faith, therefore probably a companion during exile. Athanasius, tomus ad Antiochenus 9 (PG 26:808).
    Companion
    Yes

    • Agapetos

  • Interaction Date around 362 at latest (from: --/--/355 to: --/--/362)
    Interaction Location Upper Thebaid [Upper Thebaid]
    Office Deacon
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) cleric
    Relationship Quality support
    Notes Probable companion.After 04/02/361 sent to Alexandria by Lucifer to restore Nicaean faith, therefore probably a companion during exile. Athanasius, tomus ad Antiochenus 9 (PG 26:808)
    Companion
    Yes

    • Hilarius of Poitiers

  • Interaction Date end of 358 (from: --/--/358 to: --/--/--)
    Interaction Location Phrygia [Central Anatolia]
    Office
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) cleric
    Relationship Quality allegiance
    Notes Hilarius wrote reply to Lucifer's De Athanasio in Phrygia (de synodis)Hilarius of Poitiers, de synodis 77 (PL 10:530), response to Lucifer of Cagliari, de Athanasio 1.33 (CCSL 8:57).
    Other Interaction Type
    Yes (Respondent to treatise)

    • Eutychius of Eleutheropolis

  • Interaction Date c. 358- before 362 (from: --/--/358 to: --/--/362)
    Interaction Location
    Office Bishop
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile) Arian
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) cleric
    Relationship Quality conflict
    Notes Faustinus et Marcellinus, libellus precum 109, Collectio Avellana 2 (CSEL 35.1:39)
    Guard
    Yes

    • Turbo

  • Interaction Date c. 358-before 362 (from: --/--/358 to: --/--/362)
    Interaction Location Beth Govrin/Eleutheropolis [Bet Jibrin]
    Office Deacon
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) unknown
    Relationship Quality conflict
    Notes Lucifer suffered much violence by Turbo.Faustinus et Marcellinus, libellus precum 109, Collectio Avellana 2 (CSEL 35.1:39).
    Guard
    Yes

    • Eusebius of Vercelli

  • Interaction Date after 358 - before 362 (from: --/--/358 to: --/--/362)
    Interaction Location Cappadocia [Cappadocia]
    Office
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) unknown
    Relationship Quality support
    Notes Liberius of Rome, epistula 2, in: Eusebius of Vercelli, Appendix II B.2 (CCSL 9:122) Liberius, epistula 3.2 (CCSL 9:123) Lucifer of Cagliari, epistula 7 (CCSL 8:319 = CCSL 9:120) Rufinus, historia ecclesiastica 10.28 (GCS 9.2.2:991) Socrates, historia ecclesiastica 3.5 (PG 67:388) Sozomenus, historia ecclesiastica 5.12.1 (GCS 50:210-11) Theodoretus, historia ecclesiastica 3.4.2 (GCS 19:179)
    Companion
    Yes

    • Anonymi in Eleutheropolis

  • Interaction Date c. 358 (from: --/--/358 to: --/--/362)
    Interaction Location Beth Govrin/Eleutheropolis [Bet Jibrin]
    Office
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) unknown
    Relationship Quality conflict
    Notes interrupt celebration of mass, charged with murder and theft of church propertyFaustinus et Marcellinus, libellus precum 109, Collectio Avellana 2 (CSEL 35.1:39)
    Other Interaction Type
    Yes (trouble makers)

    • Florentius

  • Interaction Date 359-361 (from: --/--/359 to: --/--/361)
    Interaction Location
    Office magister officiorum
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) lay
    Relationship Quality conflict
    Notes In a letter, Florentius asks Lucifer to identify a treatise that had been presented to the emperor under Lucifer's name. Lucifer acknowledges authorship.Florentius, epistula ad Luciferum and Lucifer of Cagliari, epistula ad Florentium (CCSL 8:305)
    Correspondent
    Yes

    • Bonosus

  • Interaction Date 359-361 (from: --/--/359 to: --/--/361)
    Interaction Location
    Office agens in rebus
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) lay
    Relationship Quality conflict
    Notes Bonosus related to letter by Florentius.Florentius, epistula ad Luciferum and Lucifer of Cagliari, epistula ad Florentium (CCSL 8:305).
    Messenger
    Yes

    • Paulinus of Antioch

  • Interaction Date 362 (from: --/--/362 to: --/--/--)
    Interaction Location Antiochia/Theoupolis [Antakya]
    Office Bishop
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) cleric
    Relationship Quality support
    Notes
    Receiver of benefaction from exile
    Yes (other, ordination)

Other Relationships: Contacts of an exiled Person/Group's contacts'

    Person 1 Hilarius
    Person 2 Pancratius
    Date 354-355 (from: --/--/354 to: --/--/355)
    Relationship Quality support
    Notes
    Person 1 Valens of Mursa
    Person 2 Ursacius of Singidunum
    Date 355 (from: --/--/355 to: --/--/--)
    Relationship Quality support
    Notes
    Person 1 Turbo
    Person 2 Eutychius of Eleutheropolis
    Date c. 358 (from: --/--/358 to: --/--/362)
    Relationship Quality support
    Notes Turbo is the deacon of bishop Eutychius
    Person 1 Bonosus
    Person 2 Florentius
    Date 359-361 (from: --/--/359 to: --/--/361)
    Relationship Quality support
    Notes Bonosus is carrier of letter by Florentius
    Person 1 Agapetos
    Person 2 Erennius
    Date around 362 at latest (from: --/--/355 to: --/--/362)
    Relationship Quality
    Notes Fellow deacons.
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