Ammonius of Pacnemunis (male) mid fourth century (from: --/--/-- to: --/--/--) View Case
24/12/358-362 (from: 24/12/358 to: --/--/362)
Pachnamounis [Kom el-Khanziri]
Oasis Magna/Thebaidos [El-Kharga]
yes
Sebastianus
Interactions
Interaction Date
24/12/358 (from: 24/12/358 to: --/--/--)
Interaction Location
Alexandria [Alexandria]
Office
dux Aegypti
Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile)
lay
Relationship Quality
conflict
Responsible for exile (or exile threat)
Yes
Gaius of Thmouis
Interactions
Interaction Date
after 24/12/358 (from: 24/12/358 to: --/--/--)
Interaction Location
Oasis Magna/Thebaidos [El-Kharga]
Office
Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile)
unknown
Relationship Quality
support
Hermes
Interactions
Interaction Date
after 24/12/358 (from: 24/12/358 to: --/--/--)
Interaction Location
Oasis Magna/Thebaidos [El-Kharga]
Office
Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile)
unknown
Relationship Quality
support
Anagamphus
Interactions
Interaction Date
after 24/!2/358 (from: 24/12/358 to: --/--/--)
Interaction Location
Oasis Magna/Thebaidos [El-Kharga]
Office
Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile)
unknown
Relationship Quality
support
Marcus of Zygra
Interactions
Interaction Date
after 24/12/358 (from: 24/12/358 to: --/--/--)
Interaction Location
Oasis Magna/Thebaidos [El-Kharga]
Office
Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile)
unknown
Relationship Quality
support
Athanasius, historia Arianorum 72 (PG 25:780);
Athanasius, de fuga 7 (PG 25:653);
Theodoret, historia ecclesiastica 2.14 (SC 501:394)
Gaius of Thmouis (male) mid fourth century (from: --/--/356 to: --/--/356) View Case
24/12/358- (from: 24/12/358 to: --/--/--)
Thmouis [Tell Timai]
Oasis Magna/Thebaidos [El-Kharga]
unknown
Sebastianus
Interactions
Interaction Date
24/12/358 (from: 24/12/358 to: --/--/--)
Interaction Location
Alexandria [Alexandria]
Office
dux Aegypti
Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile)
lay
Relationship Quality
conflict
Responsible for exile (or exile threat)
Yes
Hermes
Interactions
Interaction Date
after 24/12/358 (from: 24/12/358 to: --/--/--)
Interaction Location
Oasis Magna/Thebaidos [El-Kharga]
Office
Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile)
unknown
Relationship Quality
support
Anagamphus
Interactions
Interaction Date
after 24/12/358 (from: 24/12/358 to: --/--/--)
Interaction Location
Oasis Magna/Thebaidos [El-Kharga]
Office
Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile)
unknown
Relationship Quality
support
Marcus of Zygra
Interactions
Interaction Date
after 24/12/358 (from: 24/12/358 to: --/--/--)
Interaction Location
Oasis Magna/Thebaidos [El-Kharga]
Office
Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile)
unknown
Relationship Quality
support
Athanasius, historia Arianorum 72 (PG 25:780);
Athanasius, de fuga 7 (PG 25:653);
Theodoret, historia ecclesiastica 2.14 (SC 501:394)
Hermes (male) mid fourth century (from: --/--/356 to: --/--/356) View Case
24/12/358- (from: 24/12/358 to: --/--/--)
Egypt or Lybia [Egypt or Lybia]
Oasis Magna/Thebaidos [El-Kharga]
unknown
Sebastianus
Interactions
Interaction Date
24/12/358 (from: 24/12/358 to: --/--/--)
Interaction Location
Alexandria [Alexandria]
Office
dux Aegypti
Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile)
lay
Relationship Quality
conflict
Responsible for exile (or exile threat)
Yes
Anagamphus
Interactions
Interaction Date
after 24/12/358 (from: 24/12/358 to: --/--/--)
Interaction Location
Oasis Magna/Thebaidos [El-Kharga]
Office
Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile)
unknown
Relationship Quality
support
Marcus of Zygra
Interactions
Interaction Date
after 24/12/358 (from: 24/12/358 to: --/--/--)
Interaction Location
Oasis Magna/Thebaidos [El-Kharga]
Office
Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile)
unknown
Relationship Quality
support
Athanasius, historia Arianorum 72 (PG 25:780);
Athanasius, de fuga 7 (PG 25:653);
Theodoret, historia ecclesiastica 2.14 (SC 501:394)
Anagamphus (male) mid fourth century (from: --/--/356 to: --/--/356) View Case
24/12/358- (from: 24/12/358 to: --/--/--)
Egypt or Lybia [Egypt or Lybia]
Oasis Magna/Thebaidos [El-Kharga]
unknown
Sebastianus
Interactions
Interaction Date
24/12/358 (from: 24/12/358 to: --/--/--)
Interaction Location
Alexandria [Alexandria]
Office
dux Aegypti
Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile)
lay
Relationship Quality
conflict
Responsible for exile (or exile threat)
Yes
Marcus of Zygra
Interactions
Interaction Date
after 24/12/358 (from: 24/12/358 to: --/--/--)
Interaction Location
Oasis Magna/Thebaidos [El-Kharga]
Office
Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile)
unknown
Relationship Quality
support
Athanasius, historia Arianorum 72 (PG 25:780);
Athanasius, de fuga 7 (PG 25:653);
Theodoret, historia ecclesiastica 2.14 (SC 501:394)
Marcus of Zygra (male) mid fourth century (from: --/--/356 to: --/--/356) View Case
24/12/358- (from: 24/12/358 to: --/--/--)
Zygra [Sidi Barrani]
Oasis Magna/Thebaidos [El-Kharga]
unknown
Sebastianus
Interactions
Interaction Date
24/12/358 (from: 24/12/358 to: --/--/--)
Interaction Location
Alexandria [Alexandria]
Office
dux Aegypti
Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile)
lay
Relationship Quality
conflict
Responsible for exile (or exile threat)
Yes
Sebastianus
Interactions
Interaction Date
24/12/358 (from: 24/12/358 to: --/--/--)
Interaction Location
Alexandria [Alexandria]
Office
dux Aegypti
Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile)
lay
Relationship Quality
conflict
Responsible for exile (or exile threat)
Yes
Athanasius, historia Arianorum 72 (PG 25:780);
Athanasius, de fuga 7 (PG 25:653);
Theodoret, historia ecclesiastica 2.14 (SC 501:394)
Agathus (male) mid fourth century (from: --/--/356 to: --/--/356) View Case
24/12/358- (from: 24/12/358 to: --/--/--)
Egypt or Lybia [Egypt or Lybia]
unknown [unknown]
unknown
Sebastianus
Interactions
Interaction Date
24/12/358 (from: 24/12/358 to: --/--/--)
Interaction Location
Alexandria [Alexandria]
Office
dux Aegypti
Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile)
lay
Relationship Quality
conflict
Responsible for exile (or exile threat)
Yes
Athanasius, historia Arianorum 72 (PG 25:780);
Athanasius, de fuga 7 (PG 25:653);
Theodoret, historia ecclesiastica 2.14 (SC 501:394)
Apollonius (male) mid fourth century (from: --/--/356 to: --/--/356) View Case
24/12/358- (from: 24/12/358 to: --/--/--)
Egypt or Lybia [Egypt or Lybia]
unknown [unknown]
unknown
Sebastianus
Interactions
Interaction Date
24/12/358 (from: 24/12/358 to: --/--/--)
Interaction Location
Alexandria [Alexandria]
Office
dux Aegypti
Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile)
lay
Relationship Quality
conflict
Responsible for exile (or exile threat)
Yes
Athanasius, historia Arianorum 72 (PG 25:780);
Athanasius, de fuga 7 (PG 25:653);
Theodoret, historia ecclesiastica 2.14 (SC 501:394)
Agathodaemon (male) mid fourth century (from: --/--/356 to: --/--/356) View Case
24/12/358- (from: 24/12/358 to: --/--/--)
Egypt or Lybia [Egypt or Lybia]
unknown [unknown]
unknown
Sebastianus
Interactions
Interaction Date
24/12/358 (from: 24/12/358 to: --/--/--)
Interaction Location
Alexandria [Alexandria]
Office
dux Aegypti
Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile)
lay
Relationship Quality
conflict
Responsible for exile (or exile threat)
Yes
Athanasius, historia Arianorum 72 (PG 25:780)
Eulogius (male) mid fourth century (from: --/--/356 to: --/--/356) View Case
24/12/358- (from: 24/12/358 to: --/--/--)
Egypt or Lybia [Egypt or Lybia]
unknown [unknown]
unknown
Sebastianus
Interactions
Interaction Date
24/12/358 (from: 24/12/358 to: --/--/--)
Interaction Location
Alexandria [Alexandria]
Office
dux Aegypti
Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile)
lay
Relationship Quality
conflict
Responsible for exile (or exile threat)
Yes
Athanasius, historia Arianorum 72 (PG 25:780)
Apollus (male) mid fourth century (from: --/--/356 to: --/--/356) View Case
24/12/358- (from: 24/12/358 to: --/--/--)
Egypt or Lybia [Egypt or Lybia]
unknown [unknown]
unknown
Sebastianus
Interactions
Interaction Date
24/12/358 (from: 24/12/358 to: --/--/--)
Interaction Location
Alexandria [Alexandria]
Office
dux Aegypti
Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile)
lay
Relationship Quality
conflict
Responsible for exile (or exile threat)
Yes
Athanasius, historia Arianorum 72 (PG 25:780)
Flavius (male) mid fourth century (from: --/--/356 to: --/--/356) View Case
24/12/358- (from: 24/12/358 to: --/--/--)
Egypt or Lybia [Egypt or Lybia]
unknown [unknown]
unknown
Sebastianus
Interactions
Interaction Date
24/12/358 (from: 24/12/358 to: --/--/--)
Interaction Location
Alexandria [Alexandria]
Office
dux Aegypti
Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile)
lay
Relationship Quality
conflict
Responsible for exile (or exile threat)
Yes
Athanasius, historia Arianorum 72 (PG 25:780)
Dioscorus (bishop) (male) mid fourth century (from: --/--/356 to: --/--/356) View Case
24/12/358- (from: 24/12/358 to: --/--/--)
Egypt or Lybia [Egypt or Lybia]
unknown [unknown]
unknown
Sebastianus
Interactions
Interaction Date
24/12/358 (from: 24/12/358 to: --/--/--)
Interaction Location
Alexandria [Alexandria]
Office
dux Aegypti
Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile)
lay
Relationship Quality
conflict
Responsible for exile (or exile threat)
Yes
Athanasius, historia Arianorum 72 (PG 25:780)
Heraclides (male) late fourth century (from: --/--/356 to: --/--/373) View Case
24/12/358- (from: 24/12/358 to: --/--/--)
Egypt or Lybia [Egypt or Lybia]
unknown [unknown]
unknown
Sebastianus
Interactions
Interaction Date
24/12/358 (from: 24/12/358 to: --/--/--)
Interaction Location
Alexandria [Alexandria]
Office
dux Aegypti
Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile)
lay
Relationship Quality
conflict
Responsible for exile (or exile threat)
Yes
Athanasius, historia Arianorum 72 (PG 25:780)
Psais (male) mid fourth century (from: --/--/356 to: --/--/356) View Case
24/12/358- (from: 24/12/358 to: --/--/--)
Egypt or Lybia [Egypt or Lybia]
unknown [unknown]
unknown
Sebastianus
Interactions
Interaction Date
24/12/358 (from: 24/12/358 to: --/--/--)
Interaction Location
Alexandria [Alexandria]
Office
dux Aegypti
Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile)
lay
Relationship Quality
conflict
Responsible for exile (or exile threat)
Yes
Athanasius, historia Arianorum 72 (PG 25:780)
40 lay people (unknown) Date: Unknown View Case
24/12/358- (from: 24/12/358 to: --/--/--)
Egypt or Lybia [Egypt or Lybia]
unknown [unknown]
unknown
Virgins
Interactions
Interaction Date
24/12/358 (from: 24/12/358 to: --/--/--)
Interaction Location
Office
Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile)
unknown
Relationship Quality
support
Sebastianus
Interactions
Interaction Date
24/12/358 (from: 24/12/358 to: --/--/--)
Interaction Location
Alexandria [Alexandria]
Office
dux Aegypti
Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile)
lay
Relationship Quality
conflict
Responsible for exile (or exile threat)
Yes
Athanasius, historia Arianorum 72 (PG 25:780)
Virgins (female) Date: Unknown View Case
24/12/358- (from: 24/12/358 to: --/--/--)
Alexandria [Alexandria]
Oasis Magna/Thebaidos [El-Kharga]
unknown
40 lay people
Interactions
Interaction Date
24/12/358 (from: 24/12/358 to: --/--/--)
Interaction Location
Office
Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile)
lay
Relationship Quality
support
Sebastianus
Interactions
Interaction Date
24/12/358 (from: 24/12/358 to: --/--/--)
Interaction Location
Alexandria [Alexandria]
Office
dux Aegypti
Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile)
lay
Relationship Quality
conflict
Responsible for exile (or exile threat)
Yes
Athanasius
Interactions
Interaction Date
24/12/358 (from: 24/12/358 to: --/--/--)
Interaction Location
Alexandria [Alexandria]
Office
Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile)
cleric
Relationship Quality
support
Correspondent
Other Interaction Type
Yes
Yes (support of Athanasius)
Athanasius, historia Arianorum 72 (PG 25:780);
Theodoret, historia ecclesiastica 2.14;
Evolcius of Samosata (male) late fourth century (from: --/--/373 to: --/--/373) View Case
c. 373 - ? (from: --/--/373 to: --/--/--)
Samosata [Samsat]
Oasis Magna/Thebaidos [El-Kharga]
unknown
Lucius of Alexandria
Interactions
Interaction Date
c. 373 (from: --/--/373 to: --/--/373)
Interaction Location
Office
Bishop
Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
Arian
Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile)
cleric
Relationship Quality
conflict
Responsible for exile (or exile threat)
Yes
Lucius of Alexandria
Interactions
Interaction Date
c. 373 (from: --/--/373 to: --/--/373)
Interaction Location
Office
Bishop
Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
Arian
Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile)
cleric
Relationship Quality
Responsible for exile (or exile threat)
Yes
Lucius of Alexandria
Interactions
Interaction Date
c. 373 (from: --/--/373 to: --/--/373)
Interaction Location
Office
Bishop
Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
Arian
Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile)
cleric
Relationship Quality
conflict
Responsible for exile (or exile threat)
Yes
Theodoret, historia ecclesiastica 4.15.8 (SC 530:238)
Maximus of Constantinople (male) late fourth century (from: --/--/373 to: --/--/373) View Case
c. 373 - c. 378 (from: --/--/373 to: --/--/378)
Alexandria [Alexandria]
Oasis Magna/Thebaidos [El-Kharga]
yes
Lucius of Alexandria
Interactions
Interaction Date
c. 373 (from: --/--/373 to: --/--/373)
Interaction Location
Alexandria [Alexandria]
Office
Bishop
Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
Arian
Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile)
cleric
Relationship Quality
conflict
Responsible for exile (or exile threat)
Yes
Gregorius of Nazianzus, oratio 25.13-14 (PG 35:1216-1217)
Demetrius of Pisinum (male) early fifth century (from: --/--/404 to: --/--/404) View Case
404 - ? (from: --/--/404 to: --/--/--)
Constantinopolis [Istanbul]
Oasis Magna/Thebaidos [El-Kharga]
unknown
Flavius Arcadius
Interactions
Interaction Date
404 (from: --/--/404 to: --/--/--)
Interaction Location
Office
Emperor
Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile)
lay
Relationship Quality
conflict
Responsible for exile (or exile threat)
Yes
Officers of the prefect in Constantinople
Interactions
Interaction Date
404 (from: --/--/404 to: --/--/--)
Interaction Location
Constantinopolis [Istanbul]
Office
Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile)
lay
Relationship Quality
conflict
Palladius, Vita Joannis Chrysostomi 20 (SC 341:396-402)
Lucillus of Malta (male) late sixth century (from: --/--/598 to: --/--/598) View Case
10/598 - ? (from: --/10/598 to: --/--/--)
Melita [Malta]
unknown
Presbyters and deacons in Malta
Interactions
Interaction Date
10/598 (from: --/10/598 to: --/--/--)
Interaction Location
Melita [Malta]
Office
Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile)
cleric
Relationship Quality
allegiance
Other Interaction Type
Yes (participation in same crime)
Iohannes of Syracuse
Interactions
Interaction Date
10/598 (from: --/10/598 to: --/--/--)
Interaction Location
Syracusae [Syracuse]
Office
Bishop
Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile)
cleric
Relationship Quality
conflict
Responsible for exile (or exile threat)
Yes
Gregorius Magnus
Interactions
Interaction Date
10/598 (from: --/10/598 to: --/--/--)
Interaction Location
Roma [Rome]
Office
Bishop of Rome
Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile)
cleric
Relationship Quality
conflict
Responsible for exile (or exile threat)
Yes
Gregorius Magnus, epistula 9.25 (CCSL 140A:585-6).
Calandion of Antioch (male) late fifth century (from: --/--/479 to: --/--/485) View Case
485 - ? (from: --/--/485 to: --/--/--)
Antiochia/Theoupolis [Antakya]
Oasis Magna/Thebaidos [El-Kharga]
n/a
Flavius Zenon
Interactions
Interaction Date
485 (from: --/--/485 to: --/--/--)
Interaction Location
Office
Emperor
Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile)
lay
Relationship Quality
conflict
Responsible for exile (or exile threat)
Yes
Evagrius, historia ecclesiastica 3.16 (SC 542:426);
Theophanes, AM 5982 (de Boor 133);
Chronicle of Zuqnin, Third part, 488-489 (Harrak, 37)
Monks, Clergy and Laity who support Macedonius (unknown) early sixth century (from: --/--/511 to: --/--/511) View Case
511 - ? (from: --/--/511 to: --/--/--)
Constantinopolis [Istanbul]
Oasis Magna/Thebaidos [El-Kharga]
unknown
Anastasius
Interactions
Interaction Date
511 (from: --/--/511 to: --/--/--)
Interaction Location
Office
Emperor
Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile)
lay
Relationship Quality
conflict
Responsible for exile (or exile threat)
Yes
Timotheus of Constantinople
Interactions
Interaction Date
511 (from: --/--/511 to: --/--/--)
Interaction Location
Constantinopolis [Istanbul]
Office
Bishop
Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile)
cleric
Relationship Quality
conflict
Responsible for exile (or exile threat)
Yes
Theophanes, AM 6005
Iohannes of Tella (male) 483 - 538 (from: --/--/483 to: --/--/538) View Case
521 - 538 (from: --/--/521 to: --/--/538)
Tella [Viranşehir]
no
Severus of Antioch
Interactions
Interaction Date
early 520ies (from: --/--/521 to: --/--/525)
Interaction Location
Office
Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile)
cleric
Relationship Quality
support
Other Interaction Type
Yes (instigator of letter)
Monophysite bishops
Interactions
Interaction Date
early 520ies (from: --/--/521 to: --/--/525)
Interaction Location
Office
Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile)
cleric
Relationship Quality
support
Other Interaction Type
Yes (joint writer of letter)
Monophysite monks
Interactions
Interaction Date
early 520ies (from: --/--/521 to: --/--/525)
Interaction Location
Office
Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile)
cleric
Relationship Quality
support
Correspondent
Yes (receiver of letter)
Ioannes of Ephesus
Interactions
Interaction Date
529 (from: --/--/529 to: --/--/525)
Interaction Location
Office
Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile)
cleric
Relationship Quality
support
Visitor
Hagiographer
Yes
Yes
'170,000' clerics
Interactions
Interaction Date
after 522 (from: --/--/522 to: --/--/538)
Interaction Location
Office
Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile)
cleric
Relationship Quality
support
Visitor
Receiver of benefaction from exile
Yes
Yes (other, ordination)
70 Amidene monks
Interactions
Interaction Date
529 (from: --/--/529 to: --/--/525)
Interaction Location
Office
Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile)
ascetic
Relationship Quality
support
Ephraim of Amida
Interactions
Interaction Date
538 (from: --/--/538 to: --/--/--)
Interaction Location
Antiochia/Theoupolis [Antakya]
Office
Bishop
Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile)
cleric
Relationship Quality
support
Other Interaction Type
Yes (responsible for execution)
Twelve bishops from the Antioch area
Interactions
Interaction Date
after 521 (from: --/--/521 to: --/--/--)
Interaction Location
unknown [unknown]
Office
Bishop
Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile)
cleric
Relationship Quality
support
V.-L. Menze, “The Regula ad Diaconos: John of Tella, his Eucharistic Ecclesiology and the Establishment of an Ecclesiastical Hierarchy in Exile,” Oriens Christianus 90 (2006), 44-90
Severus, Select Letters 5.14 (Brooks, 1902-4, 389-94)
Ioannes of Ephesus, Vitae Sanctorum Orientalium 18 (PO 18:513-26)
Chronicle of Zuqnin, Third part, 517-518 (Harrak, 51)