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Exile Case

Here you will find information about an individual exile case and links which enable you to view exile locations on a map as well as visualise the relationships between people and groups using a network diagram.
Person/Group Liberius of Rome (PCBE 2, Liberius 1, 1297-8) ( view the social network for this person / group )
Exile Date 356-358 (from: --/--/356 to: --/--/358)
Exile Date Notes Some say exiled in 355, but according to PBCE 2, 563 it's 356.
Sources ICUR, NS 9, 24831 Hilarius of Poitiers, coll. Antiar. Paris., B VII (CSEL 65:164-73) Eusebius of Vercelli, epistula 2.4.2 (CCSL 9:106) Sozomenus, historia ecclesiastica 4.11 and 15 (NPNF) Theoderetus, historia ecclesiastica 2.17 (SC 501:412). Ammianus Marcellinus 15.7.6-10 Gesta inter Liberium et Felicem, collectio Avellana 1-3 (CSEL 35.1:1-2) Rufinus, historia ecclesiastica 10.23 and 28 (Mommsen, 988 and 990-91) Socrates, historia ecclesiastica 2.37.91-4 Liberius, epistula 3.1 (CCSL 9:123) Hieronymus, de viris illustribus 97 (TU 14.1:47) Athanasius, historia Arianorum 36-41 (Opitz 2.1:203-6) Athanasius, apologia contra Arianos 89 Liber Pontificalis 37 (MGH Gesta pontificum Romanorum 1:77-9) CLE 00787 = ICUR-09, 24831 (p 389) = ILCV 00967 (em) = AE 2007, +00127 Philostorgius, historia ecclesiastica 4.3

Locations view exile locations

Location of exile's previous office Roma [Rome]
Location exiled from Roma [Rome]
Location exiled to Beroe [Stara Zagora]
Location(s) arrived at Beroe [Stara Zagora]
Date of arrival 356 (from: --/--/356 to: --/--/357)
Relationship to location alien place
Type of location city
Reason for leaving recalled
Location(s) exile returned to Roma [Rome], Sirmium [Sremska Mitrovica], cymiterium sanctae Agnes [Sant'Agnese fuori le mura/Santa Costanza]
Location of office after return

Activities in Exile

Activities Related to Doctrine
Died in exile? no
Reason for death
Writings in Exile yes
   
Title of writing epistulae
Genre correspondence
Extant? yes
Notes Hilarius of Poitiers, coll. Antiar. Paris., B VII.8, 10 and 11 (CSEL 65:168-170, 169-2 and 172-3)
   

Legal details

Threat only no
Refuge from judicial proceedings no
Consequence of asylum no
Offenses exiled for/accused of
Legal type of exile exilium, relegatio
Additional punishments
Intended duration permanent
Actual duration two years
Returned? yes
Reason for return signed second formula of Sirmium
Notes on return According to Sozomenus 4.15 (NPNF) 'Constantius urged him, in the presence of the deputies of the Eastern bishops, and of the other priests who were at the camp, to confess that the Son is not of the same substance as the Father.'
Deposed by synod? no
Synod deposed by
Returned by synod? yes
Synod returned by Third Council of Sirmium 357 (from: --/--/357 to: --/--/--)

Religious status, office and affiliation

Religious status before exile clerical
Religious status during exile ??
Religious status after return clerical
Clerical or ascetic office before exile bishop
Clerical or ascetic office during exile
Clerical or ascetic office after return bishop
Enforced rank change? n/a
Religious affiliation before exile
Religious affiliation during exile
Religious affiliation after return
Died in exile? no

Cult

Venerated as a saint? No
Date (from: --/--/-- to: --/--/--)
Cult site
sepulchre at Via Salaria CLE 00787 = ICUR-09, 24831 (p 389) = ILCV 00967 (em) = AE 2007, +00127 Only the text of the inscription, transcribed in the seventh century, survives. Locations: Roma [Rome] Date: Date: Unknown
Relics

Exile Relationships: Interactions

    Fortunatianus of Aquileia

  • Interaction Date before 354 (from: --/--/-- to: --/--/354)
    Interaction Location Ticinum [Pavia]
    Office Bishop
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) cleric
    Relationship Quality conflict
    Notes Liberius, epistula 3.1 (CCSL 9:123) Hieronymus, de viris illustribus 97 (TU 14.1:47) Hilarius of Poitiers, coll. Antiar. Paris., B VII.10 (CSEL 65:171)
    Correspondent
    Yes (receiver of letter)

    • Eusebius of Vercelli

  • Interaction Date 353/3 (from: --/--/353 to: --/--/354)
    Interaction Location Vercellae [Vercelli]
    Office Bishop
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) cleric
    Relationship Quality support
    Notes Liberius, epistulae 1-3, in: Eusebius of Vercelli, App. II B. (CCSL 9:121-3): Letters, the first expressing Liberius' fortification after Vincentius, his legate, had changed his mind and announcing the upcoming arrival of Lucifer of Cagliari to assemble a general council; the second, recommending Lucifer of Cagliari again and indicating the constitution of a Roman delegation, Pancratius the priest and Hilarius the deacon; the third, to convince Fortunatianus, bishop of Aquileia; the fourth, to offer consolation after Eusebius' exile was pronounced in 355: Hilarius of Poitiers, coll. Antiar. Paris., B VII.1-2 (CSEL 65:164-6).
    Correspondent
    Yes (receiver of letter)

    • Caecilianus

  • Interaction Date before 356 (from: --/--/353 to: --/--/356)
    Interaction Location Spoletium [Spoleto]
    Office Bishop
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) cleric
    Relationship Quality allegiance
    Notes Liberius asks Caecilianus not to condemn Athanasius.Hilarius of Poitiers, coll. Antiar. Paris., B VII.3-4(CSEL 65:166)
    Correspondent
    Yes (receiver of letter)

    • Lucifer of Cagliari

  • Interaction Date 354 (from: --/--/354 to: --/--/--)
    Interaction Location Calaris [Cagliari]
    Office Bishop
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) cleric
    Relationship Quality support
    Notes Liberius of Rome, epistula 1.2, in: Eusebius of Vercelli, Appendix II B.1 (CCSL 9:122) Hilarius, Fragm. hist., Appendix II A, VII (CSEL 65:164-5)
    Correspondent
    Yes (receiver of letter)

    • Eusebius (eunuch)

  • Interaction Date 355/6 (from: --/--/355 to: --/--/356)
    Interaction Location
    Office praepositus sacri cubiculi
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile) Arian
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) lay
    Relationship Quality conflict
    Notes Liberius declined Eusebius' offer of moneyTheodoretus, historia ecclesiastica 2.13
    Responsible for exile (or exile threat) Giver of benefaction to exile
    Yes Yes (money, )

    • Eusebia (Empress)

  • Interaction Date 355/6 (from: --/--/355 to: --/--/356)
    Interaction Location Roma [Rome]
    Office Empress
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile) Arian
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) lay
    Relationship Quality conflict?
    Notes Liberius declined the offerTheodoretus, historia ecclesiastica 2.13
    Giver of benefaction to exile
    Yes (money, )

    • Dionysius of Milan

  • Interaction Date 355-356 (from: --/--/355 to: --/--/356)
    Interaction Location Armenia [Armenia]
    Office
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) cleric
    Relationship Quality support
    Notes Liberius, epistula in Hilarius, fragm. hist., App. VII.1 (CSEL 65:164-6)
    Correspondent
    Yes (receiver of letter)

    • Lucifer of Cagliari

  • Interaction Date 355-6 (from: --/--/355 to: --/--/356)
    Interaction Location Germanikeia [Kahramanmaraş]
    Office
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile) Nicaean
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) unknown
    Relationship Quality support
    Notes On journey to exile place.Liberius of Rome, epistula 1.2, in: Eusebius of Vercelli, Appendix II B.1 (CCSL 9:122) Hilarius, Fragm. hist., Appendix II A, VII (CSEL 65:164-5)
    Correspondent
    Yes (receiver of letter)

    • Eusebius of Vercelli

  • Interaction Date 355-356 (from: --/--/355 to: --/--/356)
    Interaction Location Scythopolis/Nysa [Beit She'an]
    Office
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) cleric
    Relationship Quality support
    Notes unclearLiberius, epistulae 1-3, in: Eusebius of Vercelli, App. II B. (CCSL 9:121-3): Letters, the first expressing Liberius' fortification after Vincentius, his legate, had changed his mind and announcing the upcoming arrival of Lucifer of Cagliari to assemble a general council; the second, recommending Lucifer of Cagliari again and indicating the constitution of a Roman delegation, Pancratius the priest and Hilarius the deacon; the third, to convince Fortunatianus, bishop of Aquileia; the fourth, to offer consolation after Eusebius' exile was pronounced in 355: Hilarius of Poitiers, coll. Antiar. Paris., B VII.1-2 (CSEL 65:164-6).
    Correspondent
    Yes (receiver of letter)

    • Constantius II

  • Interaction Date 355/6 (from: --/--/355 to: --/--/356)
    Interaction Location Roma [Rome]
    Office Emperor
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile) Arian
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) lay
    Relationship Quality conflict
    Notes Perhaps before Constantius entered Rome.Constantius offers 500 solidi, but Liberius declined.
    Responsible for exile (or exile threat) Giver of benefaction to exile
    Yes Yes (money, )

    • Auxentius of Milan

  • Interaction Date 356 (from: --/12/356 to: --/--/--)
    Interaction Location Mediolan(i)um [Milan]
    Office Bishop
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile) Arian
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) cleric
    Relationship Quality conflict
    Notes Liberius offers Auxentius the 500 solidi originally offered to himself by the empress.Theodoretus, historia ecclesiastica 2.16.28 (GCS 19:136) Hilarius of Poitiers, coll. Antiar. Paris., B VII.10 (CSEL 65:170-72)

    • Hilarius of Poitiers

  • Interaction Date 356 (from: --/--/356 to: --/--/--)
    Interaction Location Limonum/Pictavi [Poitiers]
    Office Bishop
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) cleric
    Relationship Quality allegiance
    Notes Sulpicius Severus, Chronica 2.39.4 (SC 441:314)
    Other Interaction Type
    Yes (Jointly condemned to exile)

    • People of Rome

  • Interaction Date 356 (from: --/--/356 to: --/--/--)
    Interaction Location Roma [Rome]
    Office
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) unknown
    Relationship Quality support
    Notes Demand Liberius' return from Constantius
    Responsible for return
    Yes

    • Rhodanius of Toulouse

  • Interaction Date 356 (from: --/--/356 to: --/--/--)
    Interaction Location Tolosa [Toulouse]
    Office Bishop
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) cleric
    Relationship Quality allegiance
    Notes Sulpicius Severus, Chronica 2.39.4 (SC 441:314)
    Other Interaction Type
    Yes (Jointly condemned to exile)

    • Epictetus

  • Interaction Date 356 (from: --/--/356 to: --/--/--)
    Interaction Location Roma [Rome]
    Office Bishop
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile) Arian
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) cleric
    Relationship Quality conflict
    Notes Assumption that Epictetus was in Rome at the time because Theodoret says he was involved in the trial of Liberius when he was exiled, and infer that this was in RomeAssisted Constantius; two days later Liberius offered Epictetus the 500 solidi originally offered to himself by the empress.Theodoretus, historia ecclesiastica 2.16.12, 15 and 28-9 (GCS 19:133-4 and 136) Hilarius of Poitiers, coll. Antiar. Paris., B III.1-2 and VII.10 (CSEL 65:155-6 and 170-72)
    Responsible for exile (or exile threat)
    Yes

    • Felix

  • Interaction Date autumn 356 (from: --/--/356 to: --/--/--)
    Interaction Location Roma [Rome]
    Office Archdeacon
    Notes Office Became nishop of Rome whileLiberius was in exile.
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) unknown
    Relationship Quality conflict
    Notes Became nishop of Rome whileLiberius was in exile.
    Successor in post
    Yes

    • Damasus

  • Interaction Date 356 (from: --/--/356 to: --/--/357)
    Interaction Location Roma [Rome]
    Office Deacon
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) cleric
    Relationship Quality support
    Notes on Liberius's way to exileGesta inter Liberium et Felicem 2, collectio Avellana 1 (CSEL 35.1:1). Later became L.'s successor
    Companion
    Yes

    • Hilarius

  • Interaction Date 357 (from: --/--/357 to: --/--/--)
    Interaction Location
    Office cubicularius
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) lay
    Relationship Quality support
    Notes Hilarius of Poitiers, coll. Antiar. Paris., B VII.10 (CSEL 65:171)
    Correspondent Person/group appealed to
    Yes (receiver of letter) Yes

    • Osius of Cordoba

  • Interaction Date 357 (from: --/--/357 to: --/--/--)
    Interaction Location Sirmium [Sremska Mitrovica]
    Office
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) cleric
    Relationship Quality support
    Notes
    Other Interaction Type
    Yes (Joint attendant of Council)

    • Noblewomen of Rome

  • Interaction Date 357/8 (from: --/--/357 to: --/--/--)
    Interaction Location Roma [Rome]
    Office
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) lay
    Relationship Quality support
    Notes Theodoretus, historia ecclesiastica 2.14
    Responsible for return
    Yes

    • Constantius II

  • Interaction Date 357 (from: --/--/357 to: --/--/--)
    Interaction Location Roma [Rome]
    Office Emperor
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile) Arian
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) lay
    Relationship Quality support
    Notes
    Person/group appealed to
    Yes

    • Constantius II

  • Interaction Date 357 (from: --/--/357 to: --/--/--)
    Interaction Location Sirmium [Sremska Mitrovica]
    Office Emperor
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile) Arian
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) lay
    Relationship Quality conflict?
    Notes the sources claim that Liberius accepted the agreements of Sirmium only reluctanctly and was forced to do so by Constantius
    Responsible for return Other Interaction Type
    Yes Yes (Joint attendant of council)

    • Athanasius

  • Interaction Date 357 (from: --/--/357 to: --/--/--)
    Interaction Location Sirmium [Sremska Mitrovica]
    Office Bishop
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile) Nicaean
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) cleric
    Relationship Quality support
    Notes Sozomenus, historia ecclesiastica 4.15
    Responsible for return Other Interaction Type
    Yes Yes (Joint attendant at imperial reception)

    • Deputies of the Eastern bishops and of other priests

  • Interaction Date 357 (from: --/--/357 to: --/--/--)
    Interaction Location Sirmium [Sremska Mitrovica]
    Office
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) cleric
    Relationship Quality allegiance, support
    Notes Sozomenus, historia ecclesiastica 4.15
    Responsible for return Other Interaction Type
    Yes Yes (Joint attendant at imperial reception)

    • Deputation from the Western Bishops

  • Interaction Date 357 (from: --/--/357 to: --/--/--)
    Interaction Location Sirmium [Sremska Mitrovica]
    Office Bishop
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) cleric
    Relationship Quality support
    Notes Deputation to the EmperorSozomenus, historia ecclesiastica 4.15
    Responsible for return
    Yes

    • Epictetus

  • Interaction Date 357 (from: --/--/357 to: --/--/--)
    Interaction Location Centumcellae [Civitavecchia]
    Office Bishop
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile) Arian
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) cleric
    Relationship Quality conflict
    Notes Centumcellae = Civitavecchia, RomaTheodoretus, historia ecclesiastica 2.16.12, 15 and 28-9 (GCS 19:133-4 and 136) Hilarius of Poitiers, coll. Antiar. Paris., B III.1-2 and VII.10 (CSEL 65:155-6 and 170-72)
    Person/group appealed to
    Yes

    • All the bishops of Campania

  • Interaction Date 357 (from: --/--/357 to: --/--/--)
    Interaction Location Campania [Campania]
    Office Bishop
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) cleric
    Relationship Quality support
    Notes Hilarius of Poitiers, coll. Antiar. Paris., B VII.11 (CSEL 65:173)
    Person/group appealed to
    Yes

    • Demophilus of Constantinople

  • Interaction Date 357 (from: --/--/357 to: --/--/--)
    Interaction Location Sirmium [Sremska Mitrovica]
    Office Bishop
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile) Arian
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) cleric
    Relationship Quality support
    Notes explained creed to LiberiusHilarius of Poitiers, coll. Antiar. Paris., B VII.8-9 (CSEL 65:169-70): Nam ut verius sciatis me veram fidem per hanc epistulam meam proloqui, dominus et frater meus communis Demofilus, quia dignatus est pro sua benivolentia fidem vestram et catholicam exponere, quae Syrmio a pluribus fratribus et coepiscopis nostris tractata, exposita et suscepta est (-haec est perfidia Ariana, hoc ego notavi, non apostata, Liberius sequentia-)
    Responsible for return Other Interaction Type
    Yes Yes (joint attendant of council)

    • Ursacius of Singidunum

  • Interaction Date 357 (from: --/--/357 to: --/--/--)
    Interaction Location Singidunum [Belgrade]
    Office Bishop
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile) Arian
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) cleric
    Relationship Quality conflict
    Notes Hilarius of Poitiers, coll. Antiar. Paris., B VII.10 (CSEL 65:170-72) Sozomenus, historia ecclesiastica 4.15
    Correspondent Person/group appealed to
    Yes (receiver of letter) Yes

    • Auxentius of Milan

  • Interaction Date 357 (from: --/--/357 to: --/--/--)
    Interaction Location Mediolan(i)um [Milan]
    Office Bishop
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile) Arian
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) unknown
    Relationship Quality conflict
    Notes Theodoretus, historia ecclesiastica 2.16.28 (GCS 19:136) Hilarius of Poitiers, coll. Antiar. Paris., B VII.10 (CSEL 65:170-72)
    Person/group appealed to
    Yes

    • Vincentius

  • Interaction Date 357 (from: --/--/357 to: --/--/--)
    Interaction Location Capua [Santa Maria Capua Vetere]
    Office Bishop
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) cleric
    Relationship Quality allegiance
    Notes Hilarius of Poitiers, coll. Antiar. Paris., B VII.11 (CSEL 65:172-3)
    Correspondent Person/group appealed to
    Yes (receiver of letter) Yes

    • Germinius of Sirmium

  • Interaction Date 357 (from: --/--/357 to: --/--/--)
    Interaction Location Sirmium [Sremska Mitrovica]
    Office Bishop
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) cleric
    Relationship Quality support
    Notes Hilarius of Poitiers, coll. Antiar. Paris., B VII.10 (CSEL 65:170-72) Sozomenus, historia ecclesiastica 4.15
    Responsible for return Other Interaction Type
    Yes Yes (Joint attendant at imperial reception)

    • Venerius

  • Interaction Date 357 (from: --/--/357 to: --/--/--)
    Interaction Location Beroe [Stara Zagora]
    Office agens in rebus
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) lay
    Relationship Quality conflict
    Notes Took Urbicus away from LiberiusHilarius of Poitiers, coll. Antiar. Paris., B VII.10 (CSEL 65:175)
    Guard
    Yes

    • Germinius of Sirmium

  • Interaction Date 357 (from: --/--/357 to: --/--/--)
    Interaction Location Sirmium [Sremska Mitrovica]
    Office Bishop
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) cleric
    Relationship Quality conflict
    Notes Hilarius of Poitiers, coll. Antiar. Paris., B VII.10 (CSEL 65:170-72) Sozomenus, historia ecclesiastica 4.15
    Correspondent Person/group appealed to
    Yes (receiver of letter) Yes

    • Valens of Mursa

  • Interaction Date 357 (from: --/--/357 to: --/--/--)
    Interaction Location Sirmium [Sremska Mitrovica]
    Office Bishop
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile) Arian
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) cleric
    Relationship Quality support
    Notes Hilarius of Poitiers, coll. Antiar. Paris., B VII.10 (CSEL 65:170-72) Sozomenus, historia ecclesiastica 4.15
    Responsible for return Other Interaction Type
    Yes Yes (Joint attendant at imperial reception)

    • Valens of Mursa

  • Interaction Date 357 (from: --/--/357 to: --/--/--)
    Interaction Location Mursa [Osijek]
    Office Bishop
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile) Arian
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) cleric
    Relationship Quality conflict
    Notes Hilarius of Poitiers, coll. Antiar. Paris., B VII.10 (CSEL 65:170-72) Sozomenus, historia ecclesiastica 4.15
    Correspondent Person/group appealed to
    Yes (receiver of letter) Yes

    • Ursacius of Singidunum

  • Interaction Date 357 (from: --/--/357 to: --/--/--)
    Interaction Location Sirmium [Sremska Mitrovica]
    Office Bishop
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) unknown
    Relationship Quality support
    Notes Hilarius of Poitiers, coll. Antiar. Paris., B VII.10 (CSEL 65:170-72) Sozomenus, historia ecclesiastica 4.15
    Responsible for return Other Interaction Type
    Yes Yes (Joint attendant at imperial reception)

    • Liberius' brothers, the presbyters and fellow bishops of the east

  • Interaction Date 357 (from: --/--/357 to: --/--/--)
    Interaction Location
    Office
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) cleric
    Relationship Quality allegiance
    Notes Hilarius of Poitiers, coll. Antiar. Paris., B III.1-2 and VII.10 (CSEL 65:155-6 and 170-72)
    Correspondent Person/group appealed to
    Yes (receiver of letter) Yes

    • Urbicus

  • Interaction Date 357 (from: --/--/357 to: --/--/357)
    Interaction Location Beroe [Stara Zagora]
    Office Deacon
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) cleric
    Relationship Quality support
    Notes Separated from Liberius by Venerius, agens in rebusHilarius of Poitiers, coll. Antiar. Paris., B VII.10 (CSEL 65:175)
    Companion
    Yes

    • Fortunatianus of Aquileia

  • Interaction Date 357 (from: --/--/357 to: --/--/358)
    Interaction Location Aquileia [Aquileia]
    Office Bishop
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) cleric
    Relationship Quality conflict
    Notes According to Jerome, Fortunatianus tried to sway Liberius, but the mode of communication is unclearLiberius, epistula 3.1 (CCSL 9:123) Hieronymus, de viris illustribus 97 (TU 14.1:47) Hilarius of Poitiers, coll. Antiar. Paris., B VII.10 (CSEL 65:171)
    Correspondent
    Yes (writer of letter)

    • Catulinus

  • Interaction Date 358 (from: --/--/358 to: --/--/--)
    Interaction Location
    Office agens in rebus
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) lay
    Relationship Quality support
    Notes Catulinus delivered Constantius' instructions on the recall from exileLiber Pontificalis 37 (MGH Gesta pontificum Romanorum 1:77)
    Messenger
    Yes

    • Constantina

  • Interaction Date 358 (from: --/--/358 to: --/--/--)
    Interaction Location cymiterium sanctae Agnes [Sant'Agnese fuori le mura/Santa Costanza]
    Office Empress
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) lay
    Relationship Quality support
    Notes was dead and buried at St AgnesAccording to Liber Pontificalis 37 (MGH Gesta pontificum Romanorum 1:78): Rediens autem Liberius de exilio habitabit in cymiterio sanctae Agnes aput germanam Constanti Augusti, ut quasi per eius interventionem aut rogatu rediret Liberius in civitatem. She had died in 354 and was buried in that church, she therefore 'quasi' intervened.
    Host Responsible for return
    Yes Yes

    • Constantius II

  • Interaction Date 358 (from: --/--/358 to: --/--/--)
    Interaction Location Roma [Rome]
    Office Emperor
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile) Arian
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) lay
    Relationship Quality support
    Notes
    Responsible for return
    Yes

    • Crescens

  • Interaction Date 357 (from: --/--/758 to: --/--/--)
    Interaction Location Sirmium [Sremska Mitrovica]
    Office presbyter
    Religious Affiliation (at time of relationship with exile)
    Religious Status (at time of relationship with exile) cleric
    Relationship Quality allegiance
    Notes Sozomenus, historia ecclesiastica 4.15
    Responsible for return Other Interaction Type
    Yes Yes (Joint attendant at imperial reception)

Other Relationships: Contacts of an exiled Person/Group's contacts'

    Person 1 Valens of Mursa
    Person 2 Ursacius of Singidunum
    Date 357 (from: --/--/357 to: --/--/--)
    Relationship Quality support
    Notes
    Person 1 Felix
    Person 2 Constantius II
    Date autumn 356 (from: --/--/356 to: --/--/--)
    Relationship Quality support
    Notes
    Person 1 Urbicus
    Person 2 Venerius
    Date 357 (from: --/--/357 to: --/--/357)
    Relationship Quality conflict
    Notes Urbicus taken away from Liberius by Venerius, agens in rebus
    Person 1 Constantius II
    Person 2 Eusebia (Empress)
    Date 355/6 (from: --/--/355 to: --/--/356)
    Relationship Quality marriage
    Notes Emperor and Empress
    Person 1 Eusebius (eunuch)
    Person 2 Eusebia (Empress)
    Date 355/6 (from: --/--/355 to: --/--/356)
    Relationship Quality support
    Notes Chamberlain
    Person 1 Constantius II
    Person 2 Eusebius (eunuch)
    Date 355/6 (from: --/--/355 to: --/--/356)
    Relationship Quality support
    Notes Chamberlain
    Person 1 Catulinus
    Person 2 Constantius II
    Date 358 (from: --/--/358 to: --/--/--)
    Relationship Quality allegiance
    Notes Catulinus gives Constantius' letter of recall to Liberius
    Person 1 Hilarius
    Person 2 Constantius II
    Date (from: --/--/357 to: --/--/357)
    Relationship Quality allegiance
    Notes imperatoris fidelis eunucus (Hilar. Pict. Coll. Ant. Par. B VII. 10 (CSEL 65:171)
    Person 1 Constantius II
    Person 2 Constantina
    Date (from: --/--/320 to: --/--/354)
    Relationship Quality kinship
    Notes LP states Liberius stayed with the sister of Constantius at the cemetery of St Agnes upon return from exile. LP also states that Constantina, the sister of the emperor, refused to appeal to Constantius for Liberius. It can be assumed that the two women are the same.
    Person 1 Eusebia (Empress)
    Person 2 Constantius II
    Date (from: --/--/353 to: --/--/360)
    Relationship Quality marriage
    Notes
    Person 1 Noblewomen of Rome
    Person 2 Constantius II
    Date 358 (from: --/--/358 to: --/--/358)
    Relationship Quality conflict?
    Notes The noblewomen appealed for Liberius' return to Constantius. Theodoretus, historia ecclesiastica 2.14.
    Person 1 People of Rome
    Person 2 Constantius II
    Date 356/7 (from: --/--/356 to: --/--/357)
    Relationship Quality conflict
    Notes The people of Rome demand return of Liberius from Constantius, 2. Gesta inter Liberium et Felicem, Collectio Avellana ep. 1.3: venit Roman Constantius imperator; pro Liberio rogatur a populo. Rufinus, historia ecclesiastica 10. 28; Socrates, historia ecclesiastica 2.37.91-4; Sozomenus, historia ecclesiastica 4.11 and 15; Theoderet of Cyrrhus, historia ecclesiastica 2.17; Philostorgius, historia ecclesiastica 4.3 also all record intervention of the people. This may have happened during Constantius' visit to Rome in early summer 357.
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